Argument against Hiring and College-Admissions Quotas Essay

Argument against Hiring and College-Admissions Quotas - Essay Example This paper will present an argument against airing and college-admissions quotas. Additionally, it will show that using racial quotas in admitting students in colleges and either hiring or promoting employees in an organization is intuitive and substantial. A. To the government Quotas are simply numerical requirements commonly applied when hiring an employee in a company, promoting someone within an education or working center, and/or graduating members of a specific racial cluster to another level (Gildenhuys, 2004). In some cases, it is seeable that some people discriminate against others mainly due to their racial complexity. This aspect hampers growth and interaction from many angles. For example, one may fail to enter a certain college simply because he or she comes from a certain minority group. Such an act promotes racial discrimination, which is an issue that the whole universe has been fighting for many decades (Gildenhuys, 2004). In hiring, quotas are a very significant fac tor to consider since they provide a basis for selecting and thereafter hiring individuals from every social, racial, and/or economic background (Mwakikagile, 2006). Agreeably, some communities color pigmentation fails to accord them certain privileges. Some colleges and organizations do not hire, admit, or promote people of a certain color such as the blacks or Indians (Lindsay & Justiz, 2004). Some cases of racial discrimination show that there are colleges where students of Indian or black decency do not get admission whereas there are some companies that cannot hire or promote such people. People from these minority groups may possess special abilities or knowledge that...   Quotas are simply numerical requirements commonly applied when hiring an employee in a company, promoting someone within an education or working center, and/or graduating members of a specific racial cluster to another level (Gildenhuys, 2004). In some cases, it is seeable that some people discriminate against others mainly due to their racial complexity. This aspect hampers growth and interaction from many angles. For example, one may fail to enter a certain college simply because he or she comes from a certain minority group. Such an act promotes racial discrimination, which is an issue that the whole universe has been fighting for many decades (Gildenhuys, 2004). In hiring, quotas are a very significant factor to consider since they provide a basis for selecting and thereafter hiring individuals from every social, racial, and/or economic background (Mwakikagile, 2006). Agreeably, some communities color pigmentation fails to accord them certain privileges. Some colleges and org anizations do not hire, admit, or promote people of a certain color such as the blacks or Indians (Lindsay & Justiz, 2004). Some cases of racial discrimination show that there are colleges where students of Indian or black decency do not get admission whereas there are some companies that cannot hire or promote such people. People from these minority groups may possess special abilities or knowledge that they can offer and make their respective organizations gain more advantages over the others.  

Conduct an investigation into any business organization. I choose ( Essay

Conduct an investigation into any business organization. I choose ( Ooredoo Qatar ) - Essay Example Ooredoo is a public telecommunication company based in Qatar. It provides mobile, wireless, wireline and content services (Ooredoo.om, 2015). The state partly owns the company. It was a monopoly before starting to trade publicly in 2006. Ooredoo was first launched in Kuwait in 1999 before Qatar Telecom acquired 51% Wataniya Telecom shares from Kuwait Projects Holding KSC (KIPCO) group. In 2012, Qatar Telecom (QTel) made an offer to acquire the rest of the company. It has since increased its share to 92.1%. Its name changed to Ooredoo from Wataniya. QTel itself began in 1949 but was officially established in 1987. It developed to be National Telephony Services in 1970, operated by Qatar National Telephone Services (QVTS) while international services by Cable and Wireless. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a duty that organizations have, other than making profits, to communities in which they find themselves. It is an emerging concept that has become universally accepted and adopted by many business entities as a way of appreciating communities and other stakeholders of organizations worldwide. CSR consumes the resources of organizations thus reducing their profits. This appears to be an inconsistency to the role of directors, which is to increase the wealth of shareholders by increasing profits. However, CSR does not start or end with the communities themselves but also with the shareholders too. Managers of organizations have a corporate social responsibility to shareholders in varied ways. The first corporate social responsibility and the most important are maximizing profits leading to good returns and dividend policies. Organizations have a responsibility to shareholders who are the owners of capital to offer them good returns. This, therefore, calls upon the managers of Ooredoo to always make favorable and attractive dividend policies, which will attract more investors and create value for the shareholders investments. It is the

Impact of Einsteins Discoveries

Impact of Einsteins Discoveries TOPIC: DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF EINSTEIN’S INVENTIONS ON SOCIETY INTRODUCTION Albert Einstein is one of the most celebrated scientists in history. His work helped bring a new era of discovery and knowledge to the area of physics. However he is not just known for his famous equation for the conservation of energy and matter or his theory of relativity. Throughout his career he became the Edison of physics helping to contribute many important pieces of physics to our understanding of the universe and how it works. Without Einstein’s inventions we would be further behind in physics than we are now. There are two major contributions he made in physics. The most interesting correlation was his visionary view of the universe and how it works. Many believed that Einstein has been able to construct a mental image of the universe and used this as the basis of much of his works. Every time he makes a new proposal the experiments and data would prove making him the da Vinci of the 20th century. Many articles have been written about Albert Einstein for the universe. HISTORY OF EINSTEIN Albert Einstein was a German theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the pillars of modern physics. He is best known in popular culture for his mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc2. He received the Nobel Prize in physics for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the kingdom of Wurttemberg in the German empire on 14 March 1879. His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein. The family moved to Munich in 1880. Albert Einstein attended a catholic school from the age of five for three years. When he was eight he was transferred to the luitpold gymnasium, where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left Germany seven years later. On 17 April 1955, Albert Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rapture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically in 1948. He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the state of Israel’s seventh anniversary with him to the hospital, but didn’t live long enough to complete it. Einstein refused surgery saying;†I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share it is time to go. I will do it elegantly.† He died in the hospital early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work even till the end. During the autopsy, the pathologist of Princeton hospital removed Einstein’s brain for preservation without the permission of his family, with the hope that scientist would be able to discover what made him so intelligent. Einstein’s remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location. INVENTIONS OF EINSTEIN Einstein’s invention changed the world in a variety of ways and while most people know the man is one of the many geniuses to ever live, most people don’t know exactly what he did or invented. The following are most of Einstein’s invention: The Refrigerator: this is one of the most important inventions in the society by Einstein. This was incredibly important because it allowed people to store food in a cold place for an extended period of time, rather than forcing them to eat it on the spot or lose money when the foods spoiled. The refrigerator also helped reduce diseases among people who would occasionally eat rotten food because they didn’t know or were hungry and didn’t have any other option. The Theory of Relativity: this theory is also known as E=mc2 which is Einstein’s best invention, as it is what led to the ability to create nuclear fusion. This invention has two opposite effect, as it allowed people to harness energy but also allowed people to build the nuclear bomb. Why the Sky is Blue: Einstein solved this question by calculating the scattering of light from molecules. He proved this by conducting a simple experiment. Quantum Physics: this theory is called the photoelectric effect. This showed that when a quanta of light strikes atoms in metal, electrons are released. This was the basis for quantum physics, which Einstein also invented through his experimentation. Formula for Brownian motion: this is one of his early inventions, based on experiments he did while he was in college. He described the Brownian motion as the movement of particles in liquids. No one has documented this effectively till Einstein came. IMPACT OF EINSTEIN’S INVENTIONS ON SOCIETY Though Einstein did not write his most important essays for practical use or personal profit, his unique thoughts on light, time and space have led to many technological innovations which appear to us today to be quite normal. Many people associate Einstein with the development of the atomic bomb or nuclear energy. In 1905, Einstein was indeed the first person to prove that atoms actually exist. And in his most famous formula that E=mc2, he showed that the mass of atoms contains enormous quantities of energy. But this theory was only of indirect importance of the atomic revolution. His ideas had much direct influence on inventions such as the television, for example. It is thanks to his special theory of relativity that we are able to receive such sharp images today. Electrons are accelerated in a television and according to the theory of relativity, the mass of electrons thereby increases measurably. Digital cameras can only take pictures because they contain sensor which converts light into electricity. The principle can be traced directly back to Einstein, who explained the photoelectric effect. Not just that, his work form the basis for the development of all equipment which converts light into electricity from digital cameras to solar cells which also made him win the Nobel Prize in November 1922. All the technologies which involve the use of laser beams are based on Einstein’s theories. Einstein was the first to recognize the principles of monochrome, bundled laser light. Satellite-assisted positioning systems on earth, so-called GPS, make use of Einstein’s idea. Einstein’s influence on present day inventions is still effective till now. Einstein played an important role in pending quantum computer technological revolution. He recognized that particles can be in different states at the same time. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF EINSTEIN’S INVENTIONS Albert Einstein’s major contribution to science has extracted the positive impacts. One of his impacts is his early work on relativity dealt only with systems or observers in uniform motion with respect to one another and is referred to as the special theory of relativity. In 1911 he asserted the equivalence of gravitation and inertia, and in 1916 he completed his mathematical formulation of a general theory of relativity that included gravitation as a determiner of the curvature of a space time continuum. Another of Einstein’s impact is the invention of photons and the quantum theory. He postulated light quantum, upon which he based his explanation of the photoelectric effect, and he developed the quantum theory of specific heat. Although he was one of the leading figures in the development of quantum theory, Einstein regarded it as only a temporarily useful structure. Einstein wished his theories to have that simplicity and beauty which he thought fitting for an interpretation of the universe and which he did not find in quantum theory. NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF EINSTEIN’S INVENTIONS Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity and his general theory of relativity was made public in 1915. He did not directly participate in the invention of atomic bombs but as we go on we will get to know that he was instrumental in facilitating its development. He declared that large amount of energy could be released from the small amount of matter, with the equation E=mc2. Though bombs were not what he had in mind when in published his equation. Einstein’s greatest role in the invention of the atomic bomb was signing a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt urging that the bomb be built. As the realization of nuclear weapons grew near, Einstein looked beyond the current war to future problems that such weapons could bring. He wrote to physicist Niels Bohr in December 1944,†when the war is over, then there will be in all countries a pursuit of secret war preparations with technological means which will lead inevitably to preventative wars and to destru ction even more terrible than the present destruction of life.†[Clark, pg. 698]. In November 1954, five months before his death, Einstein summarized his feelings about his role in the creation of the atomic bomb:†I made one great mistake in my life†¦ when I signed the letter to president Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made, but there was some justification –the danger that Germans would make them†.[Clark, pg. 752] CONCLUSION Albert’s intellectual growth was strongly fostered at home. His mother, a talented pianist, ensured the children’s musical education. His father regularly read schiller and Heine aloud to the family. Uncle Jakob challenged Albert with mathematical problems, which he solved with deep feelings of happiness. More significant were the weekly visits of max Talmud from 1889 to 1894 during which time he introduced the boy to popular scientific texts that brought to an end a short-lived religious phase, convincing him that a lot in the bible stories could not be true. A textbook of plane geometry that he quickly worked through led on to an avid self-study of mathematics, several years ahead of school curriculum. REFERENCES â€Å"The legend of a dull-witted child who grew up to be a genius† Albert Einstein archives. Retrieved 23 July 2012 Whittaker, E.(1955).†Albert Einstein. 1879-1955†. Biographical memoirs of fellows of the royal society. Hans-josef kuepper. †list of scientific publications of Albert Einstein†. Einstein-website.de.retrieved 3 April 2011. The Columbia electrons encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2012, Columbia university press. Richard Rhodes, the making of the atomic bomb. Ronald clark, Einstein: the life and times, the American institute of physics albert Einstein website â€Å"Albert Einstein inventions† by Irving Oala 29th may 2011, tech and gear. NASA star child biography of Albert Einstein,† was Einstein a space alien?† article

Setting in Greasy Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle Essay -- Greasy Lake T.

Greasy Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle Nature has a powerful way of portraying good vs. bad, which parallels to the same concept intertwined with human nature. In the story â€Å"Greasy Lake† by T. Coraghessan Boyle, the author portrays this through the use of a lake by demonstrating its significance and relationship to the characters. At one time, the Greasy Lake was something of beauty and cleanliness, but then came to be the exact opposite. Through his writing, Boyle demonstrates how the setting can be a direct reflection of the characters and the experiences they encounter. The lake itself plays a major role throughout the story, as it mirrors the characters almost exactly. For example, the lake is described as being â€Å"fetid and murky, the mud banks glittering with broken glass and strewn with beer cans† (125). The characters are also described as being â€Å"greasy† or â€Å"dangerous† several times, which ties the lake and the characters together through their similarities. The narrator explains, â€Å"We were bad. At night we went up to Greasy Lake† (124). This demonstrates the importance that the surroundings in which the main characters’ choose to be in is extremely important to the image that they reflect. At the beginning of the story, these characters’ images and specifically being â€Å"bad† is essentially all that mattered to them. â€Å"We wore torn up leather jackets†¦drank gin and grape juice†¦sniffed glue and ether and what somebody claimed was cocaine† (124). They went out of their ...

Environmental Impacts Of The Desalination Process Environmental Sciences Essay

More and more importance is being given to desalinization of saltwater as H2O resources are rapidly being used up. Apart from the fact that it solves H2O deficit in some parts, desalinization is besides associated with environmental impacts. For case, it has been deemed responsible for change of the marine ecosystem in related countries. There are presently a batch of active desalinization workss around the universe. Five journal articles will be used as beginnings for environmental impacts of desalinization. The effects of the byproduct discharged from desalinization workss which affect aquatic life in assorted portion of the universe will be discussed. Furthermore, possible emanation of nursery gases by desalinization workss will besides be investigated. Each primary article will be evaluated on a scaling system of 1* to 10* where 1* agencies that the article had small relevancy to the research rubric, and 10* demoing entire relevancy. Elevated discharge of seawater as byproduct due to increased sum of saltwater desalinization could perchance impact ecosystems. In this survey, the research workers investigated the consequence of seawater and hence the impact of desalinization on a hayfield of the seagrass Posidoia Oceanic which has been exposed to brine discharge for a clip oversight of more than 6 old ages. A comparative field survey was conducted whereby environmental factors ( salt, sum of dissolved foods, dissolved inorganic C and pH ) , meadow features ( screen and shoot denseness ) and works traits ( morphometrics, N and P content in the tissues ) were measured in an undisturbed country of shallow P. Oceanic hayfield and in an country of the hayfield having the seawater discharge. The H2O samples collected at the discharge site had a higher salt and higher sums of dissolved inorganic C as compared to the undisturbed country or the mention site. The screen and shoot denseness of the hayfield were determined to be approximately the same at both sites. The seawater discharge caused of import alterations in the works traits such as increased N content in the works tissues, lower glutamine synthetase activity, lower content of non-structural saccharides and besides debasement of the works wellness as compared to the workss in the mention site. The research workers hence concluded that P. Oceania is sensitive to the high salt and eutrophication caused by seawater discharge. Keywords: discharge, environmental factors, glutamine systhetase, salt, eutrophication Gacia, E, Invers, O, Manzanera, M, Ballesteros, E & A ; Romero, J 2007. ImpactA of theA brineA fromA a desalinization plantA onA a shallow seagrassA ( Posidonia oceanica ) meadow.A Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 72: 579-590.Rating: iiiiiiiiStack emanations from desalinization workss: a parametric sensitiveness analysis for exposure appraisal Despite being one of the chief techniques used in order satisfy the high demands of drinkable H2O, desalinization is besides associated with environmental impacts such as air pollution. The purpose of this survey was to measure the air emanations from desalinization workss utilizing a simulating theoretical account. The Industrial Source Complex-3 theoretical account was used to carry on air scattering simulations in order to measure the impact of sulfur dioxide stack emanations from a combined H2O distillment and power coevals works on air quality. SO2 concentrations at antecedently defined location of receptors were measured under different instances of meteoric state of affairs such as air currents velocity and humidness. A parametric sensitiveness analysis was conducted to measure the consequence of the input parametric quantities on the fake consequences for near-field and far-field receptors. Different scenarios produced different sum of SO2 recorded and from the fake consequen ces, it was determined that the most of import parametric quantity impacting SO2 concentrations at the receptors include wind velocity, stack tallness, temperature and speed. The parametric sensitiveness analysis showed that stable atmospheric conditions and low air current caused the worst exposure degree of SO2. The SO2 concentrations recorded both at near-field and far-field receptors exceeded the wellness criterion developed by the World Health Organisation under most scenarios. Keywords: drinkable H2O, scattering, sulfur dioxide, distillment, receptors, atmospheric I. Alameddine, ME 2005. Stack emanations from desalinization workss: a parametric sensitiveness analysis for exposure appraisal. Desalination 177: 15-29.Rating: iiiiiiDesalination engineering waste watercourses: Consequence of pH and salt on metamorphosis of marine microbic gatherings More and more attending is being given presents to the possible negative impacts of the desalinization engineering on the environment. This survey examines the consequence of salt and pH on the bacterial production rate of marine microbic gatherings at 600m below sea surface degree and at one ambiance. Water samples were collected at three different locations, Delaware Bay, Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean and a refractometer was used to find the salt while a pH metre was used to find the pH of the H2O. Bacterial production rate was measured utilizing the leucine incorporation method. Pressurisation and depressurisation experiments were set up in order to imitate the effects of a hydrate-based desalinization on the microbic gathering in outflowing waste watercourse. For samples from the Delaware Bay, as salt increased from 29.5 to 60 PSU, there was a 57 % lessening in heterotrophic bacterial production. A bead of pH from 8.00 to 4.88 caused a 96 % lessening in bacterial production. S imilar consequences were obtained for the Atlantic Ocean H2O samples. Pacific Ocean H2O samples that were pressurised showed a lessening of 40 % in bacterial production after 1hr decompression while replicate samples showed a 43 % addition in bacterial production with addition in salt after 24 hr decompression. The addition in bacterial production could to be due to community version. Heterotrophic bacterial production rate therefore decreases with increasing salt and diminishing pH. Keywords: refractometer, pressurisation, depressurisation, wastewater, decompression, heterotrophic Montgomery, MT, Boyd, TJ, Osburn, CL, Plummer, RE, Masutani, SM & A ; Coffin, RB 2009. Desalination engineering waste watercourses: Consequence of pH and salt on metamorphosis of marine microbic gatherings. Desalination 249: 861-864. Rating: iiiiiii Chlorophyll and plankton of the Gulf coastal Waterss of Saudi Arabia surrounding a desalinization works Phyto- and Zooplankton both play an of import function in the marine ecosystem as primary and secondary manufacturers severally. The current survey was carried out to look into the relationship between fluctuation in chlorophyll and plankton production due to a desalinization works operation near Al-Jubail in the coastal Waterss of Saudi Arabia. Areas concerned by the survey were the consumption and discharge zones at the works. Surface and bottom H2O samples were obtained to find the chlorophyll pigments and H2O quality factors. Analysis of chlorophyll pigments a, B and degree Celsius was made utilizing the spectrophotometric method while Plankton samples were taken utilizing a Nansen plankton cyberspace and examined utilizing by standard processs. The research was done on based a seasonal, one-year, and inter-annual survey. The biological status of the entry and release sites stayed for the most portion rich and stable. The figures on chlorophyll pigments revealed that the lasting harvest of phytoplankton remained striking during most of the seasons. Research workers concluded that ecological factors such as temperature and conduction did non move as confining factor for growing of phytoplankton. They besides concluded that the discharge from the works did non encroach upon the general species fundamental law. Keywords: ecosystem, discharge zone, pigments, spectrophotometric Abdul Azis, PK, Al-Tisan, IA, Daili, MA, Green, TN, Dalvi, AGI & A ; Javeed, MA 2003. Chlorophyll and plankton of the Gulf coastal Waterss of Saudi Arabia surrounding a desalinization works. Desalination 154: 291-302.Rating: iiiiiiiPreliminary consequences of the monitoring of the seawater discharge produced by the SWRO desalinization works of Alicante ( SE Spain ) Desalination of saltwater by contrary osmosis has become a widely used method but the environmental impacts caused by seawater as the byproduct can non be disregarded. The purpose of this article is to supervise the seawater discharge from the Alicante saltwater desalinization works and find its spacial and seasonal distribution. Furthermore, the possible impact of the discharge on hayfields of Posidonia Oceania and communities of echinoderm will be quantified. Salinity was measured at more than hundred sampling Stationss at the seawater discharge site. The geoeas plan was used in order to obtain the graphical spacial representation of the salt informations. New and dead shoots of the P. Oceanic, every bit good as denseness of echinoderms were estimated at three different Stationss, one being in forepart of the discharge site of the desalinization works and the two others being controls. Highest salt was found to be at the thermocline degree. Dilution at the discharge topographic poi nt was found to be fast but a higher stableness was obtained far from the discharge. Additions of salt were observed far off from the discharge topographic point. There was an absence of echinoderms in forepart of the desalinization works but a considerate sum at a northern vicinity where the seawater degree is low. Number of new shoots of P. Oceania was determined to be higher than sum of dead shoots but with deteriorated works wellness in the hayfields found in forepart of the desalinization works. Absence of echinoderms acted as an index of the effects of brine discharge of the works on marine communities. Therefore, the consequences obtained suggested that the dilution of the seawater discharged could be lower than the recognized degree which may impact Marine ecosystems. Keywords: echinoderm, thermocline degree, Posidonia Oceanic, Marine ecosystemsFernandez-Torquemada, Y, Sanchez-Lizaso, JL & A ; Gonzalez-Correa, JM 2005. Preliminary consequences of the monitoring of the seawater discharge produced by the SWRO desalinization works of the Alicante ( SE Spain ) . Desalination 182: 395-402.Rating: iiiiiiImpact of the seawater from a desalinization works on a shallow seagrass ( Posidonia oceanica ) hayfield Abstraction Although saltwater desalinization has increased signii ¬?cantly over recent decennaries, small attending has been paid to the impact of the chief byproduct ( hypersaline H2O: seawater ) on ecosystems. In the Mediterranean, potentially the most affected ecosystems are hayfields of the endemic seagrass Posidonia Oceania. We studied the consequence of seawater on a shallow P. Oceania hayfield exposed to change by reversal osmosis seawater discharge for more than 6 old ages. P. oceanica proved to be really sensitive to both eutrophication and high salts derived from the seawater discharge. Affected workss showed high air plant burden and N content in the foliages, high frequences of mortification Markss, low entire non-structural saccharides and low glutamine synthetase activity, compared to command workss. However, there was no indicant of extended diminution of the affected hayfield. This is likely due to its really shallow state of affairs, which consequences in high incident radiat ion every bit good as fast dilution and scattering of the seawater plume. Stack emanations from desalinization workss: a parametric sensitiveness analysis for exposure appraisal Abstraction The desalinization market has been continuously turning to augment conventional H2O resources in waterless and semi-arid parts that are sing population growing, betterments in life-style, increased economic activity and increased taint of bing H2O supplies. The debut of desalinization workss is necessarily associated with several possible environmental impacts including possible air pollution. The present survey focuses on measure uping air emanations ensuing from desalinization workss and their possible impacts utilizing a instance survey attack for an bing combined power coevals and H2O distillment works. The Industrial Source Complex ( ISC ) air scattering theoretical account was adopted to measure sulfur dioxide concentrations at sensitive receptors under worst instance meteoric conditions and full burden operation for both workss. A parametric sensitiveness analysis showed that receptors are exposed to concentrations transcending international criterions under most scenarios ask ing extenuation steps which were defined. Desalination engineering waste watercourses: Consequence of pH and salt on metamorphosis of marine microbic gatherings abstract Efi ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uents from desalinization engineerings may ini ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence natural bacterial gatherings due to alterations in salt, pH, dissolved organic C concentration ( DOC ) , DOC quality and cellular hydrostatic force per unit area. Salinity, pH, and force per unit area alteration effects on heterotrophic bacterial production ( as measured by leucine incorporation ) were examined in experiments with surface H2O from the Delaware Bay, Atlantic Ocean and Pacii ¬?c Ocean. Bacterial production decreased by 57-67 % when salt of Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay surface H2O samples were increased from ambient to 60 PSU. Decreasing ambient saltwater pH from 8.0 to below 5.0 with CO2 gas reduced production by 96-100 % . Decreasing saltwater pH by 1.5units at 33 PSU caused tantamount suppression to increasing salt by 27 PSU ( pH 8.0 ) . Bacterial production in Pacii ¬?c Ocean surface H2O pressurized for 72 H was decreased 40 % by increasing salt, when measured 1h after decompression. However, production increased 43 % with increasing salt when measured 24 H after decompression. One account for these divergent effects between the 1- and 24-h sampling at ambient pH may be community version. Strains amongst the natural gathering that survived the pressurization by saturating their membrane phospholipids would probably be better adapted to vie for available foods under elevated salt. Chlorophyll and plankton of the Gulf coastal Waterss of Saudi Arabia surrounding a desalinization works Abstraction As on land, workss are the existent manufacturers in the sea, and on them depend all marine living resources and the basic sustainability of ecosystems. Primary production is performed by chlorophyll-bearing workss runing horn the bantam phytoplankton to the elephantine kelps through the procedure ofphotosynthesis. Zooplankton play an of import function as secondary manufacturers, and together with phytoplankton they support the huge gatherings of marine nutrient concatenation with all their diverseness and complexness. Data on chlorophyll pigments, phytoplankton and zooplankton are regarded as a sound footing for environmental assessment of ecosystems. This paper presents a set of informations collected Ii-om the Saudi Arabian coastal Waterss near the desalinization workss in AI-Jubail. Materials were collected from six different sites covering the consumption and discharge zones during sails carried out in 1997-1998. Analysiss of chlorophyll pigments were made utilizing the spectro photometric method. Plankton samples were collected utilizing a Nansen plankton cyberspace with a mesh size of 75 P and analyzed following criterion processs. Chlorophyll a, B, degree Celsius andphaeophytin are the most commonly happening pigments in saltwater. Their concentrations showed broad fluctuation. The phytoplankton community was composed of 35 genera stand foring the Diatoms, Dinoflagellates and blue- green algae. Zooplankton were composed ofprotozoa, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Aschehninthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Chordata. Arthropoda, represented by Cladocera, Copepoda and Crustacean larvae, formed the largest group followed by Chordata. The distribution of phyto- and zooplankton was examined and discussed on a seasonal, one-year and inter-annual footing. In footings of species, overall species composing was non affected by works discharge. The survey brings out a greater apprehension of the alterations experienced by biotic communities as a con sequence of encroachment, entrainment and entrapment consequent to H2O transition through the works structures. The survey reflects the ecological relationships that the phytoplankton and the zooplankton of the part possess Cith regard to intake and dispatch. Further, the survey has brought to illume a really redemptive characteristic of the ecosystem to prolong its productiveness and planktonic copiousness. It was observed that saltwater temperature, conduction and entire suspended solids did non move as confining factors. Besides throwing much visible radiation on the small known biological facets of desalinization sites, the informations provided constitute a important add-on to the cognition base of Marine life resources in an industrial zone of Gulf coastal Waterss. Preliminary consequences of the monitoring of the seawater discharge produced by the SWRO desalinization works of Alicante ( SE Spain ) Abstraction Datas from monitoring of the scattering and effects of the hypersaline wastewaters originated by desalinization workss are really scarce. The aim of this paper is to show the monitoring, on clip and infinite, of the seawater discharge originated by the Alicante saltwater desalinization works ( SE Spain ) . Since the saltwater contrary osmosis ( SWRO ) desalinization works started to run in September 2003, to the day of the month, three runs were made in order to find the seasonal and spacial distribution of the seawater plume and its dilution along the country. One twelvemonth after the works operation, the consequences obtained at these runs have shown that dilution of the seawater may be lower than the normally accepted and it may impact important extensions of marine communities. Due to the recent development of the desalinization activity in our state the information obtained in this work can be considered truly utile for its application to future similar undertakings in the Medi terranean Sea.

Commentator on the human condition Essay

Michael Leunig is a commentator on the human condition who uses simple, short cartoons to express his ideas to the public. In The Plotter, he conveys the message that society operates in a created sense of urgency. The idea is that the majority of the people believe that acting too slowly upon seeing an opportunity means there will be no other chances of success later on and thus must move quickly. Another idea that arises in The Plotter is that life is a journey and not a destination. This is all shown using intriguing techniques in his interesting and comical cartoon that captures its viewers. The episode starts out with an individual character walking towards the left slowly followed by the screen. Every step is taken with precision, taking about the same amount of time for each step to land, and this is emphasised by the musical beat of the background. The music is motion-toned as the pitch rises as a hurrying man runs from right to left, passing the individual. As the man runs past he calls out † â€Å", and the individual’s response is † † After this, the pitch is lowered again and the individual continues walking slowly. Only in a matter of seconds, a lady comes running by in the same direction and as she passes she yells † † to which he replies † â€Å". One by one, people run past him trying to condemn and mock the leisurely individual for not conforming, however, the individual remains unhurt by their sayings and repeats pleasant words as an answer to the runners. The technique of dialogue and its setting out is very important. It tells the viewer that the individual thinks in his own ways, not conforming to the society that believes in the created sense of urgency. This individual has his own objective in life and wants to live by experiencing everything slowly while others try to make him keep in touch with the real world hence the call â€Å"you wont know whats happening, you wont be clever. † Visual techniques used by Michael Leunig to deliver his ideas include colour, foreground/backgrounding and body language. The colour of the background is natural, with the sky in blue and the ground in green as grass usually is. This use of natural colour has connotations to the natural instincts of human beings and thus links with the issue that Leunig suggests. The colour of the people running in the background is darker than the individual who stands in the foreground, possibly containing the meaning of evil in the runners, who together represent the majority of the world. The foregrounding of the individual and the backgrounding of the runners signifies the individual over the other people, as if criticising the world in the background and using the individual character to portray the world that should be as it always is with Michael Leunig’s works. The posture and body language of the characters in The Plotter is organised so that the individual is slightly hunched showing the person’s humbleness while the runners are portrayed standing tall and strong showing false confidence. Through these techniques, Michael Leunig illustrates a simple and interesting story with deep meaning,

Maya Angelou Essays - I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou

Maya Angelou Essays - I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou Maya Angelou A poet, an author, a play-write, an actress, a mother, a civil-rights activists, historian and most important a survivor. Perhaps Maya Angelou, award winning author of many books is one of the most influential African Americans in American history. I believe that she rates at the top of the list of American authors, with Hemingway, Hawthorne, and Voight. I believe through my research and reading of Maya Angelou that she should be among the members of The American Authors Hall of Fame. Maya was born on, April 4th, 1928 as Marguerite Johnson, in St. Louis Missouri. She was raised in Stamps Arkansas, by her Grandmother Annie Henderson and Her Uncle Willie. Stamps was a rural segregated community. However, it was tight knit between the African Americans. Maya grew up during a very difficult time period in American history. They were just recovering from the Great Depression, and learning how to deal with different races of people. Maya knew this and made it clear in her writing. "It was awful to be Negro and have no control over my life. It was brutal to be young and already trained to sit quietly and listen to charges brought against my color with no chance of defense. We should be dead. I thought I should like to see us all dead, one on top of each other. A pyramid of flesh with the whit folks on the bottom, . . . and then the Negro's." (Angelou Caged Bird 153) "If growing up was painful for the Southern Black Girl, being aware of her displacement is the rust on the razor that threatens the throat." (Angelou, Caged Bird) Page 2 Grandma Henderson was a very religious person, and a key factor in Maya's upbringing. as with the rest of the people of Stamps. Maya and her brother Baily were punished as necessary. She kept Baily and Maya out of trouble and on the right track. "A devout woman Grandmother Henderson led her family in prayer each day at 4:00am." (Aging and Human Development 181) When Maya was about six, she and Baily moved to St. Louis to live with her mother, and her boyfriend, Mr. Freeman. While staying in St. Louis, she was raped by Mr. Freeman. Afterwards, Mr. Freeman was killed. Maya was certain that her voice had the power to kill, after all, she was the one that told on him, so Maya became mute for the next two years. After returning to Stamps, a woman by the name of Bertha Flowers brought Maya out of her mute. "Mrs. Flowers she had the grace of control to appear warm in the coldest of weather... she acted just as refined as the white folks." (Angelou, Caged Bird 76-78) Mrs. Flowers brought the works of Shakespeare, Hawthorne, and many others to Maya. Mrs. Flowers made her read and recite the verses. Maya was about 11, Grandma Baxter moved her and Baily to San Francisco, California to escape to racial fights in the south. Maya was just as mystified with her mother now as when she first meets her in St. Louis. Maya would go to see her father every so often, until one summer he asked Maya to live with him for the summer. Maya's father often took trips to Mexico on the weekend. Maya went with him on one, just to find herself driving her drunken father home. When Maya returned home, she got into an awful fight with her father's girlfriend. Maya then ran away, became homeless, and lived in a junkyard. One year after Maya became homeless, she returned home with her mother. Maya Page 3 attended secondary school, and found herself a job being the first black conductorette on the San Francisco street cars. This was a great accomplishment in Maya's mind, she had done something that no one else has ever done. Maya was now about 16 years of age, and curious about sex. She thought that maybe she was lesbian, so to find out, she had sex with a friend, and ended up pregnant. Maya was only 16 years old. She was now the Mother of Guy Johnson. Maya moved to West Africa, and took up the job as a professor at The University of Ghana.

Crime Justice and Criminals Vocabulary

Crime Justice and Criminals Vocabulary These words are used when talking about crime and criminals. Each word is placed in a related category and defined. Crime Types Assault: To hit/injure someone physically. Blackmail: To threaten to reveal incriminating materials if someone doesnt do something. Burglary: To steal or break into a home or car, etc. Fraud: A deception intended to result in financial or personal gain. Hijacking: Unlawfully seizing an aircraft, vehicle, or ship while in transit Hooliganism: Volent or rowdy behavior that occurs (typically) in crowds or gangs. Kidnapping: The act of abducting someone and holding them captive. Mugging: The act of attacking and robbing someone in a public place. Criminal Terms Mugger: A person who attacks and robs another in a public place. Murderer: A person who kills another person. Robber: A person who steals from another person. Shoplifter: A person who steals from a store. Smuggler: A person who imports/exports prohibited goods. Terrorist: A person who uses unlawful violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims. Thief: A person who steals. Vandal: A person who defaces property of another person. Justice System Terms Appeal: Asking for a reversal of the decision of a court. Barrister: A British term for a lawyer. Caution: Care taken to avoid danger or mistakes. Cell: An area considered a living space for inmates within a prison. Community service: Voluntary work intended to help people in a particular area. Court: Place where cases and legal matters are conducted. Court case: A dispute between two parties that is decided in a court of law. Death penalty: The punishment of execution. Defense: The case presented by or on behalf of the party being accused. Fine: The payment of money for being caught. Gaol, jail: The place where accused persons and criminals are held. Guilty: Found responsible for wrongdoing or an unlawful act. Imprisonment: The state of being imprisoned. Innocent: Not being guilty of a crime. Judge: An official appointed to decide cases in a court of law. Jury: A group of people (typically twelve in number) sworn to give a verdict in a legal case on the basis of evidence submitted in court. Justice: A judge or magistrate, or, the quality of fairness. Lawyer: Someone who practices or studies law. Offense: A breach of law/illegal act. Sentence: Length of time a prisoner is imprisoned. Prison: A building where people are legally held as a punishment for a crime they have committed or while awaiting trial. Probation: The release of an offender from detention, subject to a period of good behavior under supervision. Prosecution: The legal proceedings against someone in respect of a criminal charge. Punishment: The infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense. Capital punishment: The legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime. Corporal punishment: Physical punishment, such as caning or flogging. Remand home: Detention/reform school for juvenile offenders. Solicitor: An officer having charge of a legal business. Trial: A formal examination of evidence before a judge and/or jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings. Verdict: The legally binding decision on a case. Witness: A person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident, take place. Crime Verbs Arrest: To take someone into custody legally. Ban: To forbid or limit something. Break-in: To enter somewhere without consent or by force. Break-out: To leave somewhere without consent or by force. Break the law: To go against the law. Burgle: To enter (a building) illegally with the intent to commit theft. Charge: To accuse someone of an illegal act. Commit a crime: To do something illegal. Escape: To break free from confinement or control. Getaway: An escape or quick departure, especially after committing a crime. Get away with: To avoid prosecution for a criminal act. Hold up: To point a weapon at someone to make them give them money or a valuable good. Investigate: To look deeper into a matter and gather information about what happened. Rob: To take something forcefully from someone unwilling. Steal: To take (another persons property) without permission or legal right and without intending to return it. Other Crime-Related Words Alibi: A story given to explain that one was not near the location of a crime. Armed: To be in the possession of a firearm (gun). Burglar: Someone who steals from others, a thief. Car alarm: An alarm on a motor vehicle. Alarm: Loud noise meant to draw attention when disturbed. Legal: Pertaining to the law, on the right side of the law, allowed. Illegal: Against the law, criminal. Store detective: Someone who watches over a store to make sure people dont steal from it. Private detective: Someone who is hired to investigate a matter. Weapon: Something designed or used for inflicting bodily harm or physical damage.

ATT Income Report Assignment Example

AT&T Income Report The paper "ATT Income Report" is an extraordinary example of an assignment on finance and accounting. ATT Company has reported a net income for the fourth quarter of 2009 of $3 billion. This is a 26% increase as compared to the 2008. This has been attributed to the increase in mobile subscribers. The revenue of the company has fallen from $31.1 to $30.9 billion. The earnings per share was reported at $0.51 which met the expectation made by several business analysts. According to the company, the increase in income was fueled by broadband and mobile growth. During the fourth quarter, the company added 2.7 million subscribers. This was the second-best performance that the company has ever achieved. The increase was driven by the fast adoption of products by the apple company like e-readers, iPhone, and netbooks. The mobile operating revenue for the company increased by 7.6% from $12.9 billion in the 2008 fourth quarter to $13.8 billion in 2009 fourth quarter. Furthermore, the company activated about 3.1 million iPhones in the quarter. In the companys report, it assured its clients that it will offer the best services in iPad. The company has embraced the new innovation by Apple which has planned connectivity on its network. This was a report from John Stankey, the president of ATT Company. The company has an understood the technical operation of iPad thus will maximize on its usage. In addition, the mobile data revenue of ATT increased by 26.3% to $3.9 billion. The company had a solid year, 2009 and led the company to the biggest growth driver. The company is in a good position to provide for the high demand in connectivity of IP data and mobile broadband. Therefore, the company aims at adding vital mobile capacity in 2010.

The Crucible Theatre Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The Crucible Theatre Case Study - Essay Example What is the basis of strategy formulation in the Crucible Theatre Trust Comment on the management of the risk and the crises evident in the Case Study. The Crucible Theatre (from hereon referred to as "Crucible") is an enterprise that is owned, operated, and managed by a legally registered company with the Trust as its board of directors (or, strictly speaking, trustees). Like any other enterprise, the theatre receives income, has expenditures, hires employees, and faces many problems. As part of its strategic management function, the Trust should have focused on the long-term identification, development, and exploitation of the Crucible's core competencies, thought about the concept of the corporation and its mission, and designed the management processes to achieve the mission, which is why the Crucible existed in the first place. In effect, the Trust's main function is to set the strategy: give an over-all "direction" and "destination" for the business and the guidelines on how to get there. Then, operating management takes care of the details that are part of making the business enterprise succeed. It is understandable that at the beginning, the Crucible's management had problems as shown by the theatre's construction cost over-runs (by 184,000 or 26 percent over budget) and the low theatre attendance. But as the years passed, the number of "empty" seats, the financial losses (if not for the increasing amount of grants), the recurring cycles of financial crises, and a general lack of direction showed that the Trust could improve the way it did strategic management. In its first decade (1971-1981), the Trust may have done well in identifying and developing the Crucible's concept, core competencies, and its mission, but it had not done well in exploiting those core competencies and in managing the processes of marketing (audience development) and finance (non-government sources). As a result, its resources were under-utilised and the Crucible became a financial burden to the government. The second decade (1982-1991) saw "improvements" in the Trust's management, hitting "lower" attendance targets, increasing box office income (average annual growth of 23 percent) and its percentage (from 40 to 50 percent) of total income, and decreasing the growth rate of income from grants (average annual growth dropped from 16 percent from 1971-1981 to 7 percent from 1982-1991) for its operations. However, the financial burden remained for reasons easy to see: the "strategic" decision to bring down attendance targets made it easy to achieve, and as expenses rose, it was only due to effective lobbying by the Trust in the Arts Council and with Sheffield's local government that the Crucible secured the grants that allowed its financial survival. Balancing accounts and fund-raising could be

Personal Brand (i.e. a human being) Research Paper

Personal Brand (i.e. a human being) - Research Paper Example It is for this very reason; it is more difficult to manage personal brands as compared to products or services associated brands (Vitberg, 2010). Oprah Winfrey happens to be the single largest one-woman personal brand in the world (Haig, 2011). This is because the brand Oprah is associated with specific personality traits and the mass perception of the brand Oprah has been managed till date with apt astuteness, finesse and dexterity (Haig, 2011). As a result, Oprah commands a very high mass popularity and many of the leading brands in the world aspire to associate with brand Oprah to leverage their net brand appeal. Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................... 2 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................... 4 2.0 SWOT Analysis of Brand Oprah ................................................................. 4 2.1 Strengths ......... ............................................................................................ 4 2.2 Weaknesses .................................................................................................. ... ........................................................................................................... 9 1.0 Introduction It is a matter of public knowledge that not only Oprah Winfrey happens to be the largest one-woman brand in the world, but also that the leading brands in the world aspire to associate with this top notch personal brand (Haig, 2011, p. 131). The appeal of brand Oprah is such that it has not only revolutionized and redefined the history of television, but has indeed been successful in configuring a successful commercial empire around the attributes and mass appeal of the name Oprah (Haig, 2011, p. 131). In that context, brand Oprah is associated with a Midas touch. The mere association of a product or service with the name Oprah is just enough to make it a public rage. For instance a slight association of the brand Oprah with Spanx not only helped this little known under-garments brand evolve into a lead seller, but also helped it accrue a net annual turnover of ?220 million (Stylist, 2013). The mere mention of the brand Kindle at the Oprah show was enough to make people run for buying a piece of this gadget (Stylist, 2013). The book recommendations made by Oprah Book Club are a guarantee to make a publication an international best seller in a matter of days (Stylist, 2013). Thereby, it goes without saying that commercially speaking, brand Oprah commands an immense brand value and appeal (Haig, 2011, p. 132). However, the thing that needs to be understood is that brand Oprah commands such a successful consumer appeal owing to certain specific brand strategies, which not only make the brand Oprah soar over the social limitations ascribed to race, ethnicity and social status, but make it a name closely associated with reliability,

Reading stories with children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading stories with children - Research Paper Example I decided to read two different books in terms of their themes and setting. The first book was a religious book with religious themes while the second book was more of a fun book. The interaction with the kid, who is about five years of age, was rather eye opening. During the reading session, the kid interjected the process severally asking various questions regarding the stories. He constantly asked questions regarding the meaning of words he did not understand. This trait was a bit interesting as it portrayed the kid as an inquisitive person who wanted to know more. Various facial expressions accompanied my reading to the kid so as to further make him understand certain aspects of the stories. He was keen on the kind of expression that he saw on my face as I continued to read the books. Whenever there were frowns on my face he could also frown. This was a sign that the kid personalized the reading through the expressions that I was portraying to him as the reader. After reading the books to the kid I did further analysis on his reactions during the time I read the books. This revealed something interesting as I realized that the child scrutinized details of every picture that was shown to him. The scrutiny of the fin details in the pictures portrayed the kid as an individual who is interested in both the pictorial aspects of the stories as well as the word flow. This was even more interesting when it came to recalling the reading on the side of the child when I asked him questions. Even after reading the two stories to the kid certain aspects of his traits were outstanding. The kid was able to recall the outline of the two stories though note as exact or fair as it should have been. The first story was titled chocolate me which talks about the skin color in different people. It was more religious and encouraged the readers to appreciate

What are the major ethical issues associated with conflict in the Research Paper

What are the major ethical issues associated with conflict in the contemporary workplace - Research Paper Example Drug testing is one of the areas that can lead to ethical issues in the workplace. The use of drug testing in the workplace can create an environment where employees are in constant conflicts with the management (Sterba, 2009). For instance, the management of a firm can insist that workers undergo drug testing even when they do not want. This practice can be forced without mutual agreement with employees being threatened by their employers. All these instances present ethical scenarios that undermine relations in the workplace. Falsification of information is also another area that depicts the extent of ethics within a business organization (Chonko, 2000). Conflict can arise between workers and their employees because of falsified information. For instance, an employee can falsify information to receive a promotion or to portray others on the wrong thus leading to conflicts. Sexual harassment represents another area of ethical concern in a work place. According to Allhoff and Vaidya (2008), sexual harassment entails the harassment of people in a sexual manner. This practice is of ethical concern given that it moral permissibility in a workplace is debatable. With sexual harassment, the relationship between perpetrators of this act and their victims can suffer and translate to reduced interactions at work. It can also lead to limited commitment at work. In the workplace, sexual harassment can occur when workers touch their colleagues with approval in a sexual manner. It may also mean compromising with other workers by forcing them into sexual acts for them to receive favors. Lack of fairness can be considered as another area that presents ethical issues. In a business environment, workers expect to be treated fairly like others workers. Unfair treatment can affect the morale of workers and leads to high turnover of workers. As an example, the

Housing reform. Providing and regulating housing for the working Essay

Housing reform. Providing and regulating housing for the working classes - Essay Example However the response of the state was neither as swift nor as rapid as it could have been. Most developments in housing reform came through after the first half of the nineteenth century. These developments were largely initiated as a result of people’s growing unrest over the issues of housing. Housing reform’s initiation can be traced back to growing public dissent over poor living conditions. Working class people were forced to live in closed and cramped quarters. Most working class labourers preferred to live close to their work place. This meant that people were forced to rent out small living spaces and overcrowding was a rampant problem. New housing areas were developed but the lack of unplanned efforts made urban sprawl worse than before. Sanitation was scant and the outbreak of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea and typhoid was common. Death rates were high particularly in children. One estimate puts the chance of children under one year of age dying as one in six. Things began to change as people started to converge under the efforts of early pioneers such as Octavia Hill and Edwin Chadwick. Chadwick’s work titled Report on an Enquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain and on the Means of its Improvement (1842) sought to initiate reform especially in building ventilation as well as open spaces surrounding buildings. Another major aspect of his report is that the health of working classes could be improved by street cleaning, ventilation, sewage, water supplies and drainage. (CDC, 2011) This development was aided by the formation of The Society for Improving the Dwellings of the Labouring Classes in 1845. This society demanded that low rent dwellings should be created to facilitate the labouring classes. (Info Please, 2011) All of these developments clearly signify the fact that until the first half of the nineteenth century there were no signs of state intervention to improve housing conditio ns. These developments also indicate that the move to improve housing conditions was accepted and supported by the general masses. This pressure led the government to initiate a series of reforms that lasted well into the twentieth century. The gradual development of public resentment forced the Parliament to pass the Shaftesbury Act (The Labouring Classes Lodging Houses Act) in 1851. This act espoused the construction of new lodging houses as per some minimum standards. These standards delineated the use of certain features such as ventilation, sanitation etc. in all buildings constructed after the passage of this act. (Info Please, 2011) Another act was passed known as the Common Lodging Houses Act of 1851 which mandated the registration of keepers of common lodging houses. This Act gave wide powers to local authorities to inspect common houses. Moreover local authorities were allowed to create regulations related to common lodging houses. (Education Resources, 2011) The next dire ction assumed by the government to improve housing conditions was to create model housing neighbourhoods. Simultaneously the efforts of Octavia Hill helped to create housing areas where housing management was carried out professionally. Rent collection, housing welfare, repairs and rent accounting were done by individuals especially designated for such tasks. This development came through in 1865-66 in Marylebone. (CIH, 2011) It can be deduced that at

Mark and his Attacking Janet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mark and his Attacking Janet - Essay Example For Mark, there are several laws that can be used to give advice to him. As by law, he can remain silent and not disclose his whereabouts during the night Janet was attacked. Silence is instructed by Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 and CJPOA 1994 s.34 and 37. The right to silence is given to Mark, through this law. The Right to Silence indicates that the accused does not have to answer questions during trial and hearing or before it in order to avoid self-incrimination.As by law, he can remain silent and not disclose his whereabouts during the night Janet was attacked. Silence is instructed by Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 and CJPOA 1994 s.34 and 37. The right to silence is given to Mark, through this law. The Right to Silence indicates that the accused does not have to answer questions during trial and hearing or before it in order to avoid self-incrimination. â€Å"[†¦] it is not the compulsion to answer questions which creates the breach of Art. 6, but the subsequent use of the evidence so obtained. In any event, for the most part, a suspect cannot be prosecuted for refusing to answer questions.† (KeyZone, Public Law). â€Å"(d) to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him† (European Convention on Human Rights) This means that Mark has the right to cross-examine the witnesses that are testifying against him for the attack on Janet.

Housing reform. Providing and regulating housing for the working Essay

Housing reform. Providing and regulating housing for the working classes - Essay Example However the response of the state was neither as swift nor as rapid as it could have been. Most developments in housing reform came through after the first half of the nineteenth century. These developments were largely initiated as a result of people’s growing unrest over the issues of housing. Housing reform’s initiation can be traced back to growing public dissent over poor living conditions. Working class people were forced to live in closed and cramped quarters. Most working class labourers preferred to live close to their work place. This meant that people were forced to rent out small living spaces and overcrowding was a rampant problem. New housing areas were developed but the lack of unplanned efforts made urban sprawl worse than before. Sanitation was scant and the outbreak of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea and typhoid was common. Death rates were high particularly in children. One estimate puts the chance of children under one year of age dying as one in six. Things began to change as people started to converge under the efforts of early pioneers such as Octavia Hill and Edwin Chadwick. Chadwick’s work titled Report on an Enquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain and on the Means of its Improvement (1842) sought to initiate reform especially in building ventilation as well as open spaces surrounding buildings. Another major aspect of his report is that the health of working classes could be improved by street cleaning, ventilation, sewage, water supplies and drainage. (CDC, 2011) This development was aided by the formation of The Society for Improving the Dwellings of the Labouring Classes in 1845. This society demanded that low rent dwellings should be created to facilitate the labouring classes. (Info Please, 2011) All of these developments clearly signify the fact that until the first half of the nineteenth century there were no signs of state intervention to improve housing conditio ns. These developments also indicate that the move to improve housing conditions was accepted and supported by the general masses. This pressure led the government to initiate a series of reforms that lasted well into the twentieth century. The gradual development of public resentment forced the Parliament to pass the Shaftesbury Act (The Labouring Classes Lodging Houses Act) in 1851. This act espoused the construction of new lodging houses as per some minimum standards. These standards delineated the use of certain features such as ventilation, sanitation etc. in all buildings constructed after the passage of this act. (Info Please, 2011) Another act was passed known as the Common Lodging Houses Act of 1851 which mandated the registration of keepers of common lodging houses. This Act gave wide powers to local authorities to inspect common houses. Moreover local authorities were allowed to create regulations related to common lodging houses. (Education Resources, 2011) The next dire ction assumed by the government to improve housing conditions was to create model housing neighbourhoods. Simultaneously the efforts of Octavia Hill helped to create housing areas where housing management was carried out professionally. Rent collection, housing welfare, repairs and rent accounting were done by individuals especially designated for such tasks. This development came through in 1865-66 in Marylebone. (CIH, 2011) It can be deduced that at

Roman Influence on Byzantine Empire and Islamic Societies Essay Example for Free

Roman Influence on Byzantine Empire and Islamic Societies Essay The mother of the world has been killed,† stated a 5th century historian, bereft and appalled when the news of Rome’s fall had reached ear. Certainly his words hold truth, for Rome the dauntingly colossal Empire engulfing the Mediterranean and all territories around it; the source of artistic, intellectual, and cultural ascendancy; the influential factor of brilliance in so many of the coexisting societies of the western world was truly the predecessor and creator of all Western Civilization to come. However, what no one knew, was that the lasting impression this powerful and astonishing civilization would make upon the world, even if only through the works of fleeting memory or written text. As always, with loss comes a chance for gain an opportunity for rebirth and renewal that could previously have only been a dream. And so, with the collapse of one great empire, opportunities arose for the numbers of new kingdoms and societies to follow. The Byzantine Empire and Islamic societies were two especially prominent societies that gained primacy, arising from the fourth to sixth century. Although both Byzantine and Islamic societies created their own empires, with separate rulers and individuals, the Roman Empire heavily influenced their cultural aspects, as demonstrated in their religion, art, and law. The Byzantine Empire was a highly prosperous society centered around the city of Constantinople. This society, dating back to around 330 AD, consecutively arising after the fall of the Roman Empire, and managed to remain in power for more than 1000 years. It was the most powerful economic and military force in all of Europe at the height of it’s power. Constantinople, located at present day Istanbul, was the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, and played a key role in the hegemony of the empire. By cause of the city’s prime positioning with access to east-west and north-south trade routes, trade became an important institution and base of economy in the Byzantine Empire. Silk was originally bought from China for the grand empire, until silk-worms were illegally obtained by Byzantine monks, and factories were established in the Empireto create this rare product. Silk soon became an imperial monopoly, and through this way, the trade of luxury items became the Byzantine’s main source of income. The location of Constantinople also aided in military conquest and defence, for the empire’s naval headquarters were located along the shores, and had access to the Black Sea and Mediterranean. Because of the Empire’s location, all but overlapping the fallen Roman’s territory, the Byzantine Empire was greatly affected by these Roman’s past traditions and ways of life. The Roman Empire influenced the Byzantine Empire’s culture, mainly through the religion of Christianity. Christianity first appeared in the Roman Empire, with the birth, teachings, and supposed resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the beginning years of it’s arrival, Christianity was not tolerated and Christians were mainly, and most often brutally prosecuted. However, with Constantine’s Edict of Milan, Christianity was officially tolerated, and under Theodosius, it became the official religion of the Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire inherited this relatively new religion, continuing to follow the beliefs and traditions of the church, as well as spreading the word of Jesus Christ and the message of god. Churches sprung up in the empire, such as the mighty Hagia Sophia. Located in Constantinople and built by Justinian, this church especially exemplified Roman influence through its divine architecture. â€Å"Above the arches is raised a circular building of a curved form through which the light of day first shines,† (document 2) boasts Procopius, a Byzantine scholar from Palestine. He became the principal historian of the 6th century, documenting the works and wars of Justinian I. Procopius describes the church’s magnificent domed ceiling, which, along with columns and a concrete skeleton, can hardly be castigated, nor denied of it’s uncanny resemblance to Rome’s Pantheon. Justinian was the Christian Emperor of the Byzantine Empire who is famous for his building projects, battle tactics, and his codification of Roman law. â€Å"We have attempted the most thorough amendment of the entire law, to collect and revise the whole body of Roman jurisprudence, and to assemble in one book the scattered treatises of so many authors,† Justinian writes, reflecting upon his work. The Justinian code was essentially a collection of scattered Roman documents on law, treaties, and other diverse legal matters. This codification was used as the basic system of law in the Byzantine Empire, and successfully governed an Empire of citizens for roughly 1000 years. In conclusion, if not for the influence and impact of lingering hints of Roman Christianity, architecture , and law, the Byzantine Empire would have evolved into a profoundly variant society than the one established so many years ago. Islamic Societies were very militaristic, religious, and politically based on the teaching of Muhammad. Although small when first founded in the sixth century, at it’s height of power, regions conquered and maintained by the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties included Egypt, Arabia, lands of the Persian Empire and Asia Minor, regions of North Africa snaking along the Mediterranean, and territories of present day Spain in the west. Comprised of brilliant generals and thousands of well-motivated men striving for eternal paradise in the after-life, the army was immensely dynamic, efficacious, and cardinal to the prodigious power of the Islamic Kingdom. Religion influenced much of the population’s way of life, dictating family practices, working hours, diet, public ceremonies, and many other aspects of everyday life. To maintain the promise of eternal paradise after death, a Muslim was expected to follow the ruler and faith with honor and loyalty, as well as the Five Pillars of Islam. Stated in the Qur’an, these pillars are thought of as the hindmost commitment to Islam, and obedience to the laws is key. One must accept monotheism and Muhammad as God’s holy messenger (Shahada), pray five times a day and attend communal prayer on friday (Salat), give alms to the poor and less fortunate (Zakat), fast during the holy month of Ramadan (Sawm), and make a pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) at least once in a life-time. The rulers of Islamic Society, entitled as caliphs, were expected to follow these pillars, as well as the practice of Jihad striving in the way of the Lord. However, although the Islamic culture and government had many newly created aspects, the motif of previous Roman society was still predominantly clear. Roman influence on Islamic Societies was mainly displayed in its art, specifically architecture and language. The multitude of Roman architects, hired by kings to institute the design and production of churches, were frequently extremely bright, talented, and passionate. The innovative building models established were graced with stability, natural impregnability, and beauty. Islamic societies gained much of their knowledge on contemporary architecture from the Romans, and in effect, produced constructions very similar to those erected in the bygone days of the Roman Empire. For example, the Islamic Dome of the Rock, constructed in Jerusalem 690 AC, possesses aspects similar to those of the Roman Pantheon. The Dome of the Rock’s ceiling, to no extent of surprise, is in fact in the shape of a dome, such as the ceiling of the Pantheon. Furthermore, the Islamic structure contains many columns that are conjointly displayed in the Roman temple. The Mosque at Cordoba contains arches and columns resembling those built by Romans in water canals and at the gates of cities. The Islamic religions also continued to carry on the most spoken language of Rome Latin. Caliphs and libraries collected texts from all around the world, while scholars translated the sterling works into Arabic and Latin. Although Islamic some celebrations show congruency with celebrations of Christians,Roman influence on the Muslim people was mainly cultural. News of Rome’s fall spread quickly throughout lands of the Mediterranean, Africa, Persia, and Arabia. All were astonished at the supposed failure of the once mighty empire, considering it’s previous success and military conquest. Acting as predecessor and nurturer, Rome had affected countless bordering societies, all across the western world. However, the historian pronouncing Rome’s title as â€Å"mother of the world† had been ludicrously incorrect in concern to one aspect of the Empire’s demise. Rome went on influence future cultures in the Mediterranean regain for centuries, especially those of the Byzantine Empire and ancient Islamic Societies. By means of the Empire’s culture, religion, and law, Rome continues to influence American society today, even hundreds of year’s after the empire’s fall. In Washington D. C. , the use of columns, arches, and domes is a common motif in most political buildings, as well as domestic dwellings. Christianity is now a widely adopted religion, practiced by approximately thirty-three percent of the entire world’s population. Justinian’s codification of Roman law can still be compared with legal and justice systems from around the world, especially in western civilization. The 6th century historian was terribly mistaken in the fact that Rome had been killed, for today as vividly as yesterday; as true as the promise of tomorrow’s rising sun Rome lives on. In the subtle curve of an elegant column, in the chromatic dazzle of a church’s stained glass window, and in the crack of a judge’s mallet, bringing justice to all those our mighty nation gives promise to protect and serve, Rome survives. Chin to the sky, arms open, Rome stands tall and illustrious, ready to embrace all those who walk the earth all whom she deems children.

An Explanation of Leadership Theories and Models

An Explanation of Leadership Theories and Models Explain how to read the above diagram. Use a separate same diagram to include the relevant job functions/titles (if you want to extend your explanation!) An authoritarian leader makes decision without any consultations. According to Kurt Lewin, the autocratic leadership style is feasible when there is no need for input on the decision and the input will not affect the decision ultimately. Authoritarian leadership style often surfaces in work situations that require low-level skills from employees and are marked by low profit margins or tight cost controls. An example of an authoritarian leader is the traditional toothpaste manufacturer. Manufacturing toothpaste is a repetitive production and due to the low profit margins on each tube of toothpaste, decisions to tighten costs are arrived at the sole decision of the leader. Paternalistic leadership combines authoritarian leadership, or strong discipline and authority, with benevolent leadership, or fatherly care and concern for subordinates personal well-being. Examples of paternalistic leadership style are leaders of food and beverage restaurants. Fast food chain restaurants such as McDonalds and KFC are international brands. As certain standards and procedures are already in place, leaders make decisions to be aligned with the international standards but also have an open-door policy that concentrates on building relationships with the employees. A participative leader shares decision making with group members and accepts suggestions although the final decision may vary as the leader has the final say. According to Lewin, participative leadership style can win the cooperation of employees and motivate them effectively. An example of a participative leadership style is a high-tech manufacturer. As technology is constantly changing, leaders in high-tech organizations promote two-way communications and embrace suggestions from employees. Apple and Microsoft encourage their employees to share ideas and feasible suggestions are later decided to incorporate into their products. The laissez-faire leadership style minimizes the leaders involvement in decision-making and allows employees to make their own decisions such as setting their own policies and methods. Laissez-faire leaders may still be responsible for the outcome of their employees decisions. Laissez-faire works best when people are capable and motivated in making their own decisions and there is no requirement for a central coordination. An example is an entertainment firm that specializes in provision of performance arts. When dealing with a range of artists, employees must be given the freedom to decide on the soft-people skills to tackle each artist. As such, a centralized structure is not feasible for such a versatile industry. Another example is the modeling agencies. As models responsibilities are to portray the clients advertising intents, models must be given the freedom to work closely with the clients. Thus due to the unique nature of the working environment, laissez-faire leadership styl e is more appropriate for the management of such entertainment and modeling agencies. A Leadership Grid (Contingency Leadership Styles) A1. Traditional manufacturer (eg. tooth paste factory) A2. Hi-tech manufacturer (eg. SD card maker; involve hardware + software development) B1. FB restaurant (eg. Food stalls, seafood restaurants) B2. Fast food chain restaurant (eg. McDonalds, KFC) C1. Entertainment firm specializes in provision of performance arts, with a range of artists C2. Agency that represents fashion models, trains models, get test shoots and layout portfolios High A2 B1 B2 Low C1 C2 A1 Low High Concern for People vs Concern for Work Explain how to read the above diagram. Use a separate same diagram to include the relevant job functions/titles (if you want to extend your explanation!) The Leadership Grid also known as Managerial Grid, developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, is a framework that simultaneously specifies concern for the production and people dimensions of leadership because to achieve effective leadership, leader must integrate the task and relationship orientations. Concern for production is the degree to which a leader emphasizes on concrete objectives, organizational efficiency and high productivity when deciding how best to accomplish a task. Concern for people is the degree to which a leader considers the needs of team members, their interests, and areas of personal development when deciding how best to accomplish a task. Low People, Low Work (Impoverished Leadership) Similar to laissez-faire leadership, this leader is mostly ineffective. He has neither a high regard for creating systems for getting the work done nor for creating a work environment that is satisfying and motivating. The result is a place of disorganization, dissatisfaction and disharmony. Entertainment firm and modeling agencies use this leadership style. Leaders of entertainment firm empower employees the flexibility to deal with artists due to the different personality of artists. Similarly, leaders of modeling agencies do not interfere with the models job. As models are required to display the fashion personality of the clients apparel, they are given the freedom to work closely with clients to ensure objectives are met and clients satisfaction is maximized. Low People, High Work (Produce or Perish Leadership) This style of leader is also known as Authoritarian or Compliance Leaders. These leaders believe that employees are simply a means to an end. Employee needs are always secondary to the need for efficient and productive workplaces. This type of leader is very autocratic, has strict work rules, policies and procedures, and views punishment as the most effective means to motivate employees. (Theory XY) Traditional manufacturer uses this leadership style. Such organization has a set of policies and procedures for employees to abide. Furthermore, mechanized technologies are used in the production of toothpaste which leads to minimal human interference. As such, employees are seemed as an operation tool in the production of toothpaste (the result). High People, Low Work (Country Club Leadership) The leader is most concerned about the needs and feelings of members of his team. These leaders operate under the assumption that as long as team members are happy and secure, they will work hard. What tends to result is a work environment that is very relaxed and fun but at the expense of production due to lack of direction and control. High People, High Work (Team Leadership) This is the pinnacle of managerial style. These leaders stress production needs and the needs of the people equally highly. The premise here is that employees are involved in understanding organizational purpose and determining production needs. When employees are committed to, and have a stake in the organizations success, their needs and production needs coincide. This creates a team environment based on trust and respect, which leads to high satisfaction and motivation and, as a result, high production. (Theory Y) Hi-tech manufacturer uses this leadership style. Due to the advancement of technology, these organizations need to respond quickly to the change in environment to stay competitive. As such, leaders often convey and instill the organizations objective in employees to achieve organizations success. Also, leaders encourage employees to share their suggestions into making the organizations products more successful. Such leadership ensures organizations success and employees fulfillment. FB restaurants and fast food chains use this leadership style. Such organizations focus on delivering customer satisfactions through their food. These organizations embed the human touch element in their culture. While the quality of the food is not compromise, leaders of such organizations show care and concern for their employees. Due to personal commitments, the leaders may allow the employees to adapt a flexi-working hours which can greatly affect the manpower during peak periods. The Managerial Grid A1. Traditional manufacturer (eg. tooth paste factory) A2. Hi-tech manufacturer (eg. SD card maker; involve hardware + software development) B1. FB restaurant (eg. Food stalls, seafood restaurants) B2. Fast food chain restaurant (eg. McDonalds, KFC) C1. Entertainment firm specializes in provision of performance arts, with a range of artists C2. Agency that represents fashion models, trains models, get test shoots and layout portfolios (9, 9) (9, 1) (1, 9) (5, 5) (1, 1) 1 Low Concern for Production 9 High High 9 1 Low Concern for People Explain how to read the above diagram. Use a separate same diagram to include the relevant job functions/titles (if you want to extend your explanation!) The Managerial Grid also known as Leadership Grid, developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, is a framework that simultaneously specifies concern for the production and people dimensions of leadership because to achieve effective leadership, leader must integrate the task and relationship orientations. Concern for production is the degree to which a leader emphasizes on concrete objectives, organizational efficiency and high productivity when deciding how best to accomplish a task. Concern for people is the degree to which a leader considers the needs of team members, their interests, and areas of personal development when deciding how best to accomplish a task. According to Blake and Mouton, the Managerial Grid defined the following five leadership styles: Produce or Perish Leadership (9,1 high production, low people) This style of leader is also known as Authoritarian or Compliance Leaders. These leaders believe that employees are simply a means to an end. Employee needs are always secondary to the need for efficient and productive workplaces. This type of leader is very autocratic, has strict work rules, policies and procedures, and views punishment as the most effective means to motivate employees. Traditional manufacturer uses this leadership style. Such organization has a set of policies and procedures for employees to abide. Furthermore, mechanized technologies are used in the production of toothpaste which leads to minimal human interference. As such, employees are seemed as an operation tool in the production of toothpaste (the result). Country Club Leadership (1,9 low production, high people) The leader is most concerned about the needs and feelings of members of his team. These leaders operate under the assumption that as long as team members are happy and secure, they will work hard. What tends to result is a work environment that is very relaxed and fun but at the expense of production due to lack of direction and control. Impoverished Leadership (1,1 low production, low people) This leader is mostly ineffective. He has neither a high regard for creating systems for getting the work done nor for creating a work environment that is satisfying and motivating. The result is a place of disorganization, dissatisfaction and disharmony. Entertainment firm and modeling agencies use this leadership style. Leaders of entertainment firm empower employees the flexibility to deal with artists due to the different personality of artists. Similarly, leaders of modeling agencies do not interfere with the models job. As models are required to display the fashion personality of the clients apparel, they are given the freedom to work closely with clients to ensure objectives are met and clients satisfaction is maximized. Middle-of-the-Road Leadership (5,5 middle production, middle people) This style seems to balance the two competing concerns. It may at first appear to be an ideal compromise. However, a problem lies within. When the leader compromise, he tends to give away a bit of each concern so that neither production nor people needs are fully met. Leaders who us this style settle for average performance and often believe that this is the most anyone can expect. FB restaurants and fast food chains use this leadership style. Such organizations focus on delivering customer satisfactions through their food. These organizations embed the human touch element in their culture. While the quality of the food is not compromise, leaders of such organizations show care and concern for their employees. Due to personal commitments, the leaders may allow the employees to adapt a flexi-working hours which can greatly affect the manpower during peak periods. Team Leadership (9,9 high production, high people) This is the pinnacle of managerial style. These leaders stress production needs and the needs of the people equally highly. The premise here is that employees are involved in understanding organizational purpose and determining production needs. When employees are committed to, and have a stake in the organizations success, their needs and production needs coincide. This creates a team environment based on trust and respect, which leads to high satisfaction and motivation and, as a result, high production. Hi-tech manufacturer uses this leadership style. Due to the advancement of technology, these organizations need to respond quickly to the change in environment to stay competitive. As such, leaders often convey and instill the organizations objective in employees to achieve organizations success. Also, leaders encourage employees to share their suggestions into making the organizations products more successful. Such leadership ensures organizations success and employees fulfillment . The model proposes that when both people and production concerns are high, employee engagement and productivity increases accordingly. This is often true and it follows the ideas of Theories X and Y, and other participative management theories. Transformational vs Transactional Leadership A1. Traditional manufacturer (eg. tooth paste factory) A2. Hi-tech manufacturer (eg. SD card maker; involve hardware + software development) B1. FB restaurant (eg. Food stalls, seafood restaurants) B2. Fast food chain restaurant (eg. McDonalds, KFC) C1. Entertainment firm specializes in provision of performance arts, with a range of artists C2. Agency that represents fashion models, trains models, get test shoots and layout portfolios Transformational Leader Transactional Leader A2 C1 C2 A1 B1 B2 Explain how to read the above diagram. Use a separate same diagram to include the relevant job functions/titles (if you want to extend your explanation!) Transactional leadership assumes that work is done only because it is rewarded and thus the leader focuses on designing tasks and reward structures. It may not be the most appealing leadership strategy in building relationships and developing a long-term motivating work environment, it is workable in most organizations on a daily basis to get work done. This leadership style starts with the idea that employees agree to obey their leader totally when they accept a job. The leader has a right to punish the employees if their work does not meet the standard. Under transactional leadership, little can be done to improve employees job satisfaction. Transactional leadership is a type of management rather than a true leadership style because the focus is on short-term tasks. It has serious limitations for knowledge-based or creative work. Examples of transactional leadership can be found in traditional manufacturer organisations, FB restaurants and fast food chain restaurants. Work structur es in these organizations are typically standard and routine and thus, employees experience minimal job satisfaction. In these organizations, the relationship between the leader and employees is similar to that of a transaction, whereby the leader rewards/pays the employees for the work done. Transformational leaders are true leaders who inspire employees constantly with a shared vision of the future. They are exceptionally motivating and trusted. While this leaders enthusiasm is often passed onto the team, he needs to be supported by detail people. That is why in many organizations, both transactional and transformational leadership are needed. The transactional leaders (or managers) ensure that routine work is done reliably while the transformational leaders look after initiatives that add value. Transformational leaders are found in hi-tech manufacturer, entertainment firm and modeling agency. Leaders in such organizations have the vision and foresight to bring the organizations to greater heights through a healthy and interactive relationship with the employees. Leaders in hi-tech manufacturer such as Apple welcome and embrace suggestions from employees to improve its products that appeal to the consumers. As such, Apple has been very successful over the years in prod ucing gadgets for consumers worldwide. Leaders in entertainment firms strive to bring their arts to the world and promote their countries cultural arts. This is to prevent the extinction of cultural arts. Leaders in modeling agencies usually have the passion for fashion. They inspire models to display and bring to life the fashion personality of the designers. (E) A1. Traditional manufacturer (eg. tooth paste factory) A2. Hi-tech manufacturer (eg. SD card maker; involve hardware + software development) B1. FB restaurant (eg. Food stalls, seafood restaurants) B2. Fast food chain restaurant (eg. McDonalds, KFC) C1. Entertainment firm specializes in provision of performance arts, with a range of artists C2. Agency that represents fashion models, trains models, get test shoots and layout portfolios Theory X Theory Y A1 B1 B2 A2 C1 C2 Explain how to read the above diagram. Use a separate same diagram to include the relevant job functions/titles (if you want to extend your explanation!) Accordingly Douglas McGregor, Theory X (authoritarian management style) assumes that the average person has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can. Because of their dislike for work, most people must be controlled and threatened before they will work hard enough. The average person prefers to be directed, dislikes responsibility, is unambiguous and desires security above everything. These assumptions give rise to both tough management with punishments and tight controls, and soft management which aims at harmony at work. In actual facts, a person needs more than financial rewards at work. He also needs some deeper higher order motivation such as the opportunity to fulfill himself. Theory X managers however, do not give their employees this opportunity. In traditional manufacturer organizations, FB restaurants and fast food chain restaurants, jobs are often rigid and routine. Basically, employees do not expect any variances in their daily work. Thus they are tasked to simply perform routine work without the need to bother about anything else. According to McGregor, Theory Y (participative management style) assumes that the physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. Control and punishment are not the only methods to make people work. Man will exert self-direction if he is committed to the organizations aims. The average man learns under proper conditions not only to accept but to seek responsibility. A large number of employees use imagination, creativity and ingenuity to solve work problems. Although Theory Y is difficult to put into practice on the shop floor in large mass production operations, it is used initially to manage managers. In situations where it is possible to obtain commitment to objectives, it is better to explain the matter fully so that employees grasp the purpose of an action. They will then exert self-direction and control to do better work than if they had simply carry out an order. In hi-technology organizations, entertainment firms and modeling agencies, employees are often pa ssionate about the jobs and thus are empowered to take on greater responsibility in handling situations. Due to the uncertainty of the industries, employees need to respond timely to environmental changes. In a nutshell, McGregor wants managers to put into operation the basic assumption that Staff will contribute more to the organization if they are treated as responsible and valued employees. (F) A1. Traditional manufacturer (eg. tooth paste factory) A2. Hi-tech manufacturer (eg. SD card maker; involve hardware + software development) B1. FB restaurant (eg. Food stalls, seafood restaurants) B2. Fast food chain restaurant (eg. McDonalds, KFC) C1. Entertainment firm specializes in provision of performance arts, with a range of artists C2. Agency that represents fashion models, trains models, get test shoots and layout portfolios Transformational A2 C1 C2 Transactional A1 B1 B2 Theory X Theory Y Explain how to read the above diagram. Use a separate same diagram to include the relevant job functions/titles (if you want to extend your explanation!) The concept of transactional and transformational leadership, and Theories X and Y has been covered in the above questions. Transactional leadership Theory X Due to the routine and rigidity of work in traditional manufacturing organizations and FB restaurants, leaders believe that employees dislike work and will avoid it if possible. Thus, transactional leadership is often used in these organizations to reward employees in order to get work done. Transactional leadership Theory Y As most fast food chain restaurants already have worldwide presence, transactional leaders must ensure that the restaurants standard is consistent with the chains predetermined principles. In order to achieve this, leaders engage in a transaction relationship with employees by providing adequate rewards to employees. However, cultures across countries vary. Understanding this cultural difference, country leaders encourage employees to share their views to improve the fast food restaurants into a better dining choice for consumers. Transformational leadership Theory Y Hi-technology manufacturing organizations, entertainment firms and modeling agencies adapt transformational leadership because leaders are ambitious and believe that the organizations have the capability to attain greater heights. Leaders in such organizations share and instill the organizations vision to employees and highlight that every employees play an important part in the organizations success. Due to the turbulent environment of these industries, employees are empowered with the flexibility to solve work problems. As such, employees are encouraged to assume greater responsibility. (G) A1. Traditional manufacturer (eg. tooth paste factory) A2. Hi-tech manufacturer (eg. SD card maker; involve hardware + software development) B1. FB restaurant (eg. Food stalls, seafood restaurants) B2. Fast food chain restaurant (eg. McDonalds, KFC) C1. Entertainment firm specializes in provision of performance arts, with a range of artists C2. Agency that represents fashion models, trains models, get test shoots and layout portfolios organic organization A2 B2 C1 C2 mechanistic organization A1 B2 Theory X Theory Y Explain how to read the above diagram. Use a separate same diagram to include the relevant job functions/titles (if you want to extend your explanation!) Mechanistic organizations have clear well-defined, centralized, vertical hierarchies of command, authority and control. Efficiency and predictability are emphasized through specialization, standardization and formalization. As such, it results in rigidly defined jobs, technologies and processes. Organizational structures, processes and roles function like a machine in which each part of the organization does what it is designed to accomplish. Mechanistic organizations are often appropriate in stable environments and for routine tasks and technologies. Organic organizations are decentralized with flexible, broadly defined jobs and have relatively few and broadly defined rules, procedures and processes. Such organizations focus on interdependence among employees and units, multi-directional communication, employee initiative, and employee participation in problem solving and decision making. Organic organizations are highly suitable for unstable, turbulent environments and for non-routine tasks and technologies. In organic organizations, the emphasis is on effectiveness, problem solving, responsiveness, flexibility, adaptability, creativity and innovation. Such an organization responds timely to environmental change because employees are empowered to be creative, to experiment and to suggest new ideas. The process of innovation is triggered by employees throughout the organization in a bottom-up manner. The concept of Theories X and Y has been covered in the above questions. Mechanistic organization, Theory X A traditional manufacturing organization operates in a relatively stable environment and jobs are often rigidly defined. Such organizations adapt mechanistic management system whereby production processes and techniques are employed to minimize waste and maximize outputs for a given quantity of inputs. The ultimate goal of mechanistic structure is efficiency. Due to the routine and non-challenging daily work, leaders believe that employees dislike work and will avoid it if possible. Thus, transactional leadership is often used in these organizations to reward employees in order to get work done. Mechanistic organization, Theory Y As most fast food chain restaurants already have worldwide presence, there is clear command and control to ensure that every countrys restaurants standard is consistent with the chains predetermined principles. Thus, mechanistic structure is employed to achieve the desire objective. Recognizing the cross-cultural differences, country leaders encourage employees to share their views to improve the fast food restaurants into a better dining choice for consumers. Organic organizations, Theory Y Hi-technology manufacturing organization, FB restaurants, entertainment firms and modeling agencies operate in a highly turbulent environment and are very vulnerable to competition. Thus, these organizations employed the organic management system to respond timely to the environmental changes. Employees are required to work cross-functionally cohesively to ensure challenges are addressed promptly. Employees in such organizations identify themselves with the organizations and assume greater responsibility to ensure corporate success. (H) A1. Traditional manufacturer (eg. tooth paste factory) A2. Hi-tech manufacturer (eg. SD card maker; involve hardware + software development) B1. FB restaurant (eg. Food stalls, seafood restaurants) B2. Fast food chain restaurant (eg. McDonalds, KFC) C1. Entertainment firm specializes in provision of performance arts, with a range of artists C2. Agency that represents fashion models, trains models, get test shoots and layout portfolios organic organization A2 C1 C2 mechanistic organization A1 B1 B2 Transactional leadership Transformational leadership Explain how to read the above diagram. Use a separate same diagram to include the relevant job functions/titles (if you want to extend your explanation!) The concepts of mechanistic and organic organization, as well as transactional and transformational leadership have been covered in the above questions. Due to the routine and rigidity of job scope in the traditional manufacturing organizations, FB restaurants and fast food chain restaurants, these organizations have a mechanistic structure with well-defined command and control. Employees suggestions and views usually have no impact on the organizations decisions. Thus due to the lack of job satisfactions in employees, transactional leadership is usually used in such organizations to get work done. As hi-technology manufacturing organizations, entertainment firms and modeling agencies operate in a highly unstable environment and are vulnerable to competitions, organic structures are more appropriate to ensure changes to the environment are responded to promptly. Such organizations are led by transformational leaders as they have the foresight and motivation attributes to influence and lead the employees and organizations towards greater heights. Most importantly, transformational leaders have the ability to solve problem efficiently. (I) A1. Traditional manufacturer (eg. tooth paste factory) A2. Hi-tech manufacturer (eg. SD card maker; involve hardware + software development) B1. FB restaurant (eg. Food stalls, seafood restaurants) B2. Fast food chain restaurant (eg. McDonalds, KFC) C1. Entertainment firm specializes in provision of performance arts, with a range of artists C2. Agency that represents fashion models, trains models, get test shoots and layout portfolios Transformational A2 C1 C2 Transactional A1 B1 B2 Authoritarian Paternalistic Participative Laissez-faire Explain how to read the above diagram. Use a separate same diagram to include the relevant job functions/titles (if you want to extend your explanation!) The concepts of transactional, transformational, authoritarian, paternalistic, participative and laissez-faire leadership have been covered in the above questions. Transactional and authoritarian leaderships are employed in traditional manufacturing organizations. As the job scopes are routine and well-defined, employees are required to follow and adhere to instructions from the management. Little variations occur in such organizations. Furthermore, due to the lack of job satisfactions in employees, leaders reward employees so as to get the work done promptly. If employees work standard falls below expected, leaders have the rights and authority to impose punishment on employees. Transactional and paternalistic leaderships are used in FB restaurants and fast food chain restaurants. Instructi