Ap Biology Notes Cellular Communication Essay Example for Free

Ap Biology Notes Cellular Communication Essay Cell-to-cell communication is essential in multicellular organisms. They must communicate to coordinate activities such as growth and development, and reproduction. In addition unicellular organisms communicate with each other. Signals may use light, or touch but we will focus on chemical signals. 1. External signals are converted to responses within the cell a. Evolution of cell signaling i. In yeast a cells and ÃŽ ±cells both secrete chemicals, which can only be received by the alternate type yeast. This signals the two cells to join via fusion 1. The process by which the signal on the surface of the cell is converted to a series of steps by the cell in response is called a signal transduction pathway ii. Signal transduction pathways are very similar in yeast and in complex multicellular organisms 2. This leads scientists to believe that this pathway evolved first in ancient prokaryotes b. Local and long distance signaling iii. Local signaling 3. Adjacent cells of plants and animals may communicate through cell junctions a. Signaling substances dissolved in the cytoplasm travel between cells i. Plants = plasmodesmata ii. Animals = gap junctions 4. Animal cells may use the following b. Cell-to-cell recognition iii. Direct contact between membrane-bound cell-surface molecules iv. Important in embryonic development and immune response c. Paracrine signaling v. Uses local regulators which are released and travel only a short distance to nearby cells vi. Ex. Growth factors target nearby cells to grow and divide d. Synaptic signaling vii. Electrical signal along a nerve cell triggers a chemical release across a synapse to trigger response in target cell viii. Ex. Nerve cells iv. Long- distance signaling 5. Both plants and animals use hormones e. Animals (endocrine signaling) cells release hormones which travel in the circulatory system to target cells f. Plants hormones travel in vessels or by diffusion through the air as gas g. Hormones vary in size and shape 6. Nervous system signals can also be long distance c. The three stages of cell signaling: A preview v. Reception: when the target cell detects a signaling molecule. The signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein on the target cell’s surface vi. Transduction: After binding the receptor protein is changed in some way, this converts the signal to a form that will bring about a specific cellular response 7. May occur in a single step or a series of changes vii. Response: The transduced signal triggers a specific cellular response. 8. Catalysis of an enzyme, rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, activation of a specific gene 2. Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape d. To ensure signals are sent to the correct cell signaling molecules act as a ligand. viii. Ligand- molecule that specifically binds to another (usually larger) molecule ix. The receptor protein then usually changes shape x. May be located on the membrane or inside the cell e. Receptors in the plasma membrane xi. Water-soluble signaling molecule binds to receptor on the membrane causing it to change shape or aggregate. f. Intracellular Receptors xii. Found in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells 9. Signaling molecule must be hydrophobic enough or small enough to pass through the plasma membrane h. Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide | Examples| Pathway| Other| G-Protein Coupled Receptors| Yeast mating factors, epinephrine, hormones, neurotransmitters| 1. signaling molecule binds to the g-protein receptor 2. receptor changes shape and the cytoplasmic side binds to the inactive G protein 3. GTP then displaces to form GDP and activates the protein 4. Activated G protein diffuses along the membrane to an enzyme altering the enzyme to trigger the next step| Bacteria such as whooping cough, botulism and cholera disrupt this pathway| Receptor Tyrosine Kinases| Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups| 1. binding of two signaling molecules to two tyrosine chains causes the two to associate with each other forming a dimer 2. dimerization activates the tyrosine kinase region to add a phosphate from and ATP to each tyrosine in the polypeptide 3. each tail can now bind to and activate a different specific relay protein within the cell| One receptor may activate ten+ pathways. Absence can result in cancer| Ion Channel Receptors| Nervous system| 1. signaling molecule binds to the ion channel in the membrane 2. protein changes shape creating a channel through the membrane 3. specific ions can now flow through the membrane which may cause a change in the cell or trigger another pathway| Some ion gated channels are controlled by change in voltage rather than binding of a ligand| g. Intracellular Receptors xiii. Ex. Testosterone 10. Hormone passes through the plasma membrane 11. Testosterone binds to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm activating it 12. The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and binds to a specific gene 13. The bound protein acts as a transcription factor, stimulating the transcription of the gene into mRNA 14. The mRNA is translated into a specific protein 3. Transduction: cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptor to target molecules in the cell h. Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation xiv. Proteins can be activated by the addition of a phosphate group (often broken off of ATP or GTP) 15. Phosphates are transferred from ATP to a protein by a general group of enzymes known as protein kinases i. Phosphorylation often causes the protein to change shape j. This happens because the added phosphate group interacts with polar or charged amino acids within the protein xv. Protein phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from a protein 16. Mechanism for turning off signal transduction 17. These also allow for turning off and reusing pathways i. Small molecules and ions as second messengers xvi. Molecules other than proteins act as second messengers 18. Small and water soluble such as ions k. This allows them to rapidly spread throughout the cell via diffusion 19. Second messenger refers to anything after the first messenger which is the extracellular signaling molecule that binds to the membrane 20. Most common second messengers are cyclic AMP and Ca+2 xvii. Cyclic AMP as a second messenger in response to the hormone epinephrine 21. Epinephrine binds to receptor molecule protein activates adenylyl cyclase which can catalyze the synthesis of many molecules of cAMP l. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cAMP ix. cAMP usually activates a serine/threonine kinase known as protein kinase A which phosphorylates many other proteins m. cAMP is converted back to AMP by phosphodiesterase xviii. Calcium ions and inositol tripohosphate 22. Increasing calcium concentration causes responses such as muscle contraction, secretion of substances, and cell division in animals, and greening in response to light in plants 23. Calcium is usually in high concentrations outside of the cell and in the ER but in low concentrations in the cytosol 24. Pathway n. Signaling molecule binds to receptor   o. Phospholipid pinches off membrane IP3 is released as second messenger p. IP3 binds to receptor on ER causing protein channel to open q. Ca+2 is released into cytosol 4. Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities j. Nuclear and cytoplasmic responses xix. Pathways lead to the regulation of one or more cellular activities 25. Regulate protein synthesis r. Turning specific genes on or off (calls for the synthesis of mRNA from DNA) 26. Regulate protein activity s. Cause a shape change to turn a protein on or off 27. Regulate overall shape change of cell 28. Release of mating factors 29. Cell division k. Fine-tuning of the response xx. Signal amplification 30. Enzyme cascades amplify effects by increasing the product at each step t. Enzymes stay active long enough to work on multiple products before becoming inactive xxi. The specificity of cell signaling and coordination of the response 31. Different types of cells are programmed to respond to only certain types of signals u. Some cells will respond to the same signals but in different ways v. This is because different cells have different collections of proteins xxii. Signaling efficiency: scaffolding proteins and signaling complexes 32. Scaffolding proteins increase the efficiency of the response w. A large protein with multiple protein kinases attached x. Decreases the time of the response because diffusion between proteins is not needed 33. Pathways are not linear, in fact the same protein may act in multiple pathways 34. Relay proteins serve as branch points where the signal may go in one of two directions xxiii. Termination of the signal 35. Each step in the pathway lasts only a short time, this makes the proteins ready for a new signal 36. When the signaling molecule leaves leave the receptor it reverts to its inactive form and the relay molecules follow

The Moral Philosophy Of Virtue Ethics

The Moral Philosophy Of Virtue Ethics Virtue Ethics is a moral philosophy commonly attributed to Plato and Aristotle. The meaning of the word virtue for both was that of excellence. Although there are differences in their individual schools of thought, their outlook on morality is more or less the same. Both these philosophers came upon their understanding of ethics and morality while attempting to answer some fundamental question. For Plato, the question was, what is the good life? And for Aristotle this was, what do men fundamentally desire? In their individual attempts to answer these questions we find their theories of ethics. Plato described four cardinal virtues in his works. They were: Wisdom, Courage, Temperance and Justice, referring respectively to the following faculties of the human soul: Reason, Spirits, Appetites and justice being the correct balance of the first three, which according to him was the subservience of spirits and appetites to the faculty of reason. These virtues when properly exercised would lead to the development of an organized, well-balanced and hence virtuous individual. This well-balanced individual would be a happy person. So, Plato hypothesizes that it is a happy person who is leading a good life (hence, a good life is a happy life). He is happy because he is morally virtuous, morally virtuous because he is guided by reason and reason is knowledge. We now understand the first part of Platos theory that to be happy one must be morally virtuous. This leads to the second part of his theory that reason or that ultimate knowledge which is needed for morality comes from the Idea of Good. It is this Idea of Good which exists in the realm of Ideas, of immutable, unchanging Form which is the source and the final goal of all morality. And this Idea of Good is accessible only to the philosophers. Aristotle differs from the Platonic view over the concept of Forms and that knowledge of morality is a priori. According to him, moral principles are to be discovered through the study of mans life and his experiences and not from some obscure, formless world of ideals. In his search for the answer to what men fundamentally desire, Aristotle more or less comes to the same conclusion as Plato, which is the attainment of Eudaimonia, a term used by Aristotle and translated commonly as Happiness. As with Plato, Aristotle also believes that leading a virtuous life will lead to happiness. A virtuous life is one which is governed by reason. Reason in man has two functions. First is the use of reason (or the rational part of the soul) to control the irrational (appetitive, for e.g. emotions and vegetative, for e.g. breathing) part of the soul. The second is to use reason for the sake of deep analysis to come up with knowledge which in turn yields laws and principles to govern everyday life. He further states that virtue in man corresponds to these two functions of reason respectively: moral virtues and intellectual virtues. These moral and intellectual virtues are the mean between two vices. That is these virtues exist as the middle ground between two extremes. Moral virtues are those which based on rationality are ingrained in a man as his nature and are practiced by him out of habit. Examples of the moral virtues are courage and prudence etc. On the other hand, the intellectual virtues are those of exercising the rational part of the soul purely for the sake of reasoning, an example of which is wisdom. The former (moral virtues) are within reach of the ordinary man while the intellectual virtues fall in the domain of a few divinely blessed only. Finally, according to Aristotle it is the state of character of a person which makes him morally virtuous. This state of character is one of the three components of a mans personality. The other two being: the passions (e.g. anger or fear) and the faculties (e.g. ability to feel anger). It is the state of character which propels a man to choose between two extremes. Hence moral virtue is the state of character of a man which leads him to choose the golden mean. Let us take an example, proper pride is the mean between empty vanity and undue humility. To sum up Aristotles philosophy of ethics is that it is the character of man within which lies the power to choose. Hence it is not the act but the choice made between different forms of that act that morality is evident. NOTES William Lille, An Introduction to Ethics, (London: Methuen Co Ltd, 1971), 272. Ethel M. Albert, Theodore C. Denise and Sheldon P. Peterfreund, Great Traditions in Ethics, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1980), 11. Ibid., 38. Lille, An Introduction, 274, 277. Ethel M. Albert and others, Great, 11. Ibid., 29. Ibid., 38. Ibid., 46. Ibid., 48. Ibid., 39. Ibid., 50.

Business Strategy of MNC in Emerging Markets

Business Strategy of MNC in Emerging Markets The research aims to observe the different adaptive strategies employed by the multinational corporations (MNC) while it enters the emerging economies, analysing market potential, business growth, and the foreign direct investment in the country, with its effects on the (GDP) gross domestic product and corporate social responsibility of the emerging market. Objectives The objective of this research is to gauge in the success or failure of the difference in approach applied by the multinational corporations (MNC) to the emerging market how effective is the strategy and what scope and the way to enter the new market through a merger acquisition or its own subsidiary to function in those testing environment. Introduction Multinational enterprises (MNEs) need to adjust to the multifaceted business environment of each host country (Dunning and Lundan, 2008a)  [2]  . This challenge Increases with the differences between the foreign and MNEs home environment. The More distant is a host country from the organizational centre of the MNE, physically And in terms of mutual understanding, the more the à ¯Ã‚ ¬?rm has to bridge differences in Culture, in laws and regulations, and in human resources (Ghemawat, 2007)  [3]  ; Shenkar, 2001)  [5]  . MNEs must adapt their business strategies and organizational forms to manage these differences (Kogut and Singh, 1988; Kostova and Roth, 2002)  [6]  . With the development of the international business in the developed economies of the world, they faced saturation of their domestic markets which led them to search for alternate markets for their product and services. There was an immediate surge to cut down the cost of labour which was rising, forcing them to implement cost cutting strategy, which in turn led to the growth of international business, In the beginning the company would engage in export and import however with the change in the time, technology, availability of cheap labour and transport it has made it easier for these companies to target international shores for business Literature review This is research aims at formulating the scope of the international strategy in the emerging markets by analysing the current situation of the economys and the theories applied to the context of emerging nation in the past taking into consideration the degree of their effectiveness into account and postulating new perspective and dimension to it. The analysis of the early phase of the market emergence, Institutional theory helps in comprehending the impact on the enterprise strategies this is due to the strong influence of the government in the emerging economys to that of developed economies . The role of institutional theory is reviewed in context to the other theories and their interactions in understanding the emerged and the developed market economies. The International business strategy adopted by the MNC for the emerging markets has played a significant part for their market entry against the barriers to the host country. THREE PERSPECTIVES ON STRATEGY IN EMERGING ECONOMIES When we analyse the market in the emerging economies with respect to its earlier phase of emergence, it is the institutional theory which is the most significant in helping to explain the impacts on enterprise strategies. This is due to the influence exercised by the government and societal are stronger in these emerging economies as compared to the developed economies. As market matures, transaction cost economics and, subsequently, the resource-based view is more important. However, there is a fervent need to consider the importance of the interactions between institutional theory and other theories to increase our understandings of the emerging and developed market economies by drawing the differentiating between them. An Institutional Theory Perspective The role played by institutions in emerging economies. Institutional theory emphasizes the influences of the systems surrounding organizations that shape social and organizational behaviour (Scott, 1995)  [13]  . From a sociological orientation, Palmer, Jen-nings, and Zhou (1993)  [21]  discussed industrial reform in China and attributed its success to market-leaning institutional change, gradual relaxation of state owner-ship and control, and development of private prop-erty rights. Research implications The number of theoretical and empirical studies using an institutional perspective in emerging economies is limited, even though some theorists have argued that this perspective is the most applicable paradigm for explaining enterprise behaviour in emerging economies (Shenkar von Glinow, 1994)  [23]  pointed out, the process of institutionalization should be of interest in future theoretical and empirical work. A Transaction Cost Economics Perspective Transaction cost economics studies the firm-environment-ronment interface through a contractual or ex-change-based approach (Williamson, 1975)  [30]  . Limitation The criticisms and recent development in the literature which is identified above are apt in comprehending the strategy of the enterprise in emerging economies, as the transaction cost economics has been applied primarily to the developed market economies which are characterized by their strong legal regimes and binding social norms, less is known about governance structures for transaction cost in emerging economies. Choi, Lee, Kim (1999)  [32]  . High transaction costs would refer to a preference for hierarchical governance structures over the private market. Opportunistic behaviour, normally reduced by contract law, trust, or reputation, is also much more likely under such circumstances. As per the scholars the most efficient governance structure in emerging economies is hybrid structures dominating both markets and hierarchies is the solution. For example, Peng and Heath (1996)  [33]  argued that it is difficult for emerging market firms to grow internally or through mergers and acquisitions owing to lack of property rights and unstable political structures. They suggested us-in networks as a hybrid strategy. By pooling and coordinating resources, firms can achieve economies of scale and scope, and organizational learning can occur. Resource-Based Perspective The resource based view regarding the emerging economies, the central questions addressed by the re-source-based view concern why firms differ and how they achieve and sustain competitive advantage? Penrose (1959)  [41]  , who found that the Hollywood film industry pro-vided a context that changed over time and created different strategic assets as changes were made. To this point, little research using a resource-based-view framework has examined strategy differences in the social context of emerging economies. Adapting theses theories in the research for the thesis with a new perspective and dimensions the research on the international strategy of MNC in emerging market is further investigated to find the answers to certain question during the course of the research. A) What are the effects of strategy on the Mnc in respect to the modern times? b) How difficult is the task of MNC easy to settle down in a new country? c) What are the real barriers to the entry of these MNc? d) Does the strategy adopted really help with respect to CSR? e) Do the theories by scholar on emerging market have any positive inference on the MNC f) The role of govt in the smooth transition and policies g) Are the MNC a success or Failure with their normal global strategy h) How do the cultural differences is an obstacle in the way of MNC Challenges /Difficulties The MNC entering for the first time, may benefit from a relatively low informal distance which is most likely to increase their co-operation between with the local firms with respect to their understanding the barriers to communication, however with the difference of geographical distance there is a burden for the MNC to bear the cost involved in communication and co-ordination as cultural differences are most likely to hinder the smooth functionality and the firm may find it difficult to incorporate the existing operations with the local firm or they may establish a co-owner relationship with the local firm rather than functioning on their own, however to ease their functioning it has to co-operate with the local firms to resolve differences pertaining to the cross culture issues. Institutional differences may be reduced over a period of time by experimental learning, moreover it may benefit from the local firms contacts in the market like the local supplier distributor and the loca l authorities, hence it reduces the investors direct contact with the unknown local environment which is an added advantage and it gets the existing information of the market through the local firm The Research Methodology In this research would aim to use both primary and secondary method to go in-depth to have an insight of the emerging market what are the strategy barriers for foreign investors like an MNCs how could it be made smoother the support from the government, Primary source This method is applied to retrieve information by the researcher for the first time for a specific purpose of their field of studies. It constitutes Questionnaire Direct observation, Interviews and surveys, in this particular research the application of questionnaire and survey does exist however with the diverse field like a MNC which is in an emerging market hence it is too broad not required. Secondary Sources This method states the information is already compiled by someone who did a research prior to the current one in a similar field for some other objective, the secondary data is classified into two internal and external data, the information in the form of data compiled within the company is Internal and the information which may be retrieved from external sources like libraries, journals, websites, business magazines, articles. The main components of secondary data are Book review The books which are relevant to the thesis along with the articles and journals would be reviewed for data and theories for the research. Internet research This would give an insight to the markets past history and provide comprehensive data source for the research along with the articles that are available to browse useful for the research. Documents The documents published by the MNC in the emerging market would be used a useful literature for the research to draw a comparison from past performance and the transition into the new country in regards to the financial statements and distinguish it with other MNC on success and failure The advantages of secondary source of research is its availability and accessibility with the low cost involved to retrieve the information and another aspect of secondary data could be observed closely for a longer duration it is not time bound, although it does have its own share of demerits as the information pertaining to the current research may not have been collected or the other dimension or area or research could be extremely different with aim and objective contrasting each other with the region directed a specific population that may not be the researchers sphere of interest. Data collection The strategy employed for assembling data need to a multi-dimensional with a modern approach as data pertaining to market of emerging economies keep on changing on a day to day hence the conventional sampling approach can be difficult to implement for example the various sources of data like telephone directory, government data could become rapidly outdated. The data which may be collected from a company may not necessarily be consistent in comparison to the data possessed by the government authority hence it thus become a significant factor to collaborate the different studies to analyse and find the right method for data collection with questionnaire, surveys being dependent on the postal service. Hence Collaborative projects with local researchers using face-to-face interviews may be a key means of gaining access to data sources (Lee Miller, 1999)  [43]  used quantitative questionnaires, qualitative interviews, and multiple informants to increase the validity and reliability of their measures of organizational competence, variable measurement do pose a number of problems that present a difficulty in strategy research in emerging economies. The data collection is further classified into primary and secondary data source. Primary data source The data collected for the first time by the researcher applicable for the research purpose through a direct interview or questionnaire constitutes the primary data; however in the research we do employ the use of a questionnaire technique for the purpose of primary data collection. Questionnaire It is one of the most reliable means of credibly collecting data which has a reasonably low cost associated hence making it more adoptive for the research, the questionnaire is designed with multiple objective question for the managers of the MNC, to gauge the strategy which were adapted from their general course of business to meet the emerging markets. Secondary data The data collected by the prior researchers for their research in the similar field, are the alternate source for the current researcher to fall back on as it provides an insight to the data required, due to the difficulty in collecting data by means of primary sources secondary sources prove to be very useful. There are three secondary sources employed in the research. Book review The data collected through the literary sources like articles, newspaper, business magazines, and journals, regarding the strategy of MNC on emerging market, with the availability of most of the literary sources at the university library, business journals , electronic journals accessed through the university portal like Business source premier, Jstor, Emerald, and Google scholar helps in collecting data for the research. Internet Research Information retrieved from browsing the website of the MNCs which would give an insight to the existing market as well as the earlier market data for the past 5 to 10 years providing a new dimension to distinguish and collate data, the information in these website gets updated on regular intervals hence access date is mentioned along with the reference. Documents The data compiled from the companys published documents over the years do provide a fresh perspective to the research The problems of Data collections The topic of the research is broad and hence it expands in volume due to the vast field of emerging market and international business strategy employed by different MNC, hence collating data on the emerging market is primarily available in a secondary form of data is voluminous turning out to be a little difficult to narrow down, as the research aims to narrow its parameter of data collection and concentrate on the specific set of goals to imbibe a good quality. The secondary source of data available might not be applicable to research in a larger context and might not provide the answers to the objectives of the research, the other difficulty that might arise would be the response of the questionnaire as it is an uncontrolled variable hence the low response might pose a question on the reliability of the collected data through it and the quality as well, these are a few challenges that pose a formidable threat in the success of the research. Data Analysis The collected data through the above means would be aligned in a logical, synchronized and sequential, organizational frame to analyse it and evaluate the data so that the applicable information could be take out from the data, the data analysis would undertake both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative method This approach centres on numbers which are employed as characteristics to quantify data the outcome is numerical form of a recoded data which is further used for statistical analysis, this proves to be a reliable tools providing the numerical data for the empirical study and statistical analysis, this is further classifies into descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics It constitutes a measure of central tendency which are required in the research like mean median and mode and the measure of variability like standard deviation which would provide a numerical analysis of the research Inferential statistics This statistical tool helps to test the hypothesis and the similar findings of the data sample and eliminates unwanted data by means of deduction With the statistical inference which are drawn out of the questionnaires survey and interviews of the research; the data could be presented in a graphical form, histograms and pie chart, during the course of the research Microsoft word excel and spread sheet could be used for the purpose of diagram representation and these tools will help to evaluate the research. Qualitative Approach Qualitative research is explores the meaning rather drawing an inference based on the numerical statistical analysis, hence its approaches include case study interviews focus groups. Literary criticism The way the data has to be drafted for the research aiming at the content applicable for the research purpose taking the theory and literature into account and critically evaluating them. Thematic coding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"The data collected is coded or labelled which is to classify data to gather relevant data making it more easily accessible and easy to understand as similar data is grouped in a thematic idea which makes comparison of different cases in respect to the research simpler for the researcher. Time scale and plan The research is planned in an organised framework, the planning and scientific collection of data using qualitative and quantitative method and evaluating it, filtering the required content and theories analysing the applicable data to the research, hence the time span is estimated to be 11 weeks , that is broadly classified as 1 weeks for data collection primary as well as 1 week for secondary data and then 1 week to evaluate the relevance then move on to the important part of literature review in the next 2 weeks , methodology of research would be aimed to completed in another 2 weeks data analysis 2 weeks and conclusion and 1 week to review and get peer review to get the better understanding the next week amend changes if required and finally submit within the week hence the research is completed in time and submitted in a effective and efficient manner. Conclusion The research topic gives food for thought, as the market is evolving hence it would highlight the changes undertaken by the MNCs over the period of time in their strategy as in the earlier years Corporate Social Responsibility was not a significant part of the policies and strategy however with the change in time it has been realised the crucial role it plays for every multinational entity and provide comprehensive insight in the functionality and approach, this research will be conducted evaluating the secondary data due to its high authenticity and availability drawing inferences from the different theory applied by the prior researchers and finding new dimensions that is applicable to the times of today as we are pulling out of recession, hence low income countries are the lucrative market and cheap labour source presents an opportunity for the MNC to reap profit and the share knowledge and the country too benefits with the inward Foreign Direct Investment bringing more employment and capital hence the topic of the thesis is dealt with a contemporary approach to provide a fresh perspective. Business Strategy of MNC in Emerging Markets Business Strategy of MNC in Emerging Markets The research aims to observe the different adaptive strategies employed by the multinational corporations (MNC) while it enters the emerging economies, analysing market potential, business growth, and the foreign direct investment in the country, with its effects on the (GDP) gross domestic product and corporate social responsibility of the emerging market. Objectives The objective of this research is to gauge in the success or failure of the difference in approach applied by the multinational corporations (MNC) to the emerging market how effective is the strategy and what scope and the way to enter the new market through a merger acquisition or its own subsidiary to function in those testing environment. Introduction Multinational enterprises (MNEs) need to adjust to the multifaceted business environment of each host country (Dunning and Lundan, 2008a)  [2]  . This challenge Increases with the differences between the foreign and MNEs home environment. The More distant is a host country from the organizational centre of the MNE, physically And in terms of mutual understanding, the more the à ¯Ã‚ ¬?rm has to bridge differences in Culture, in laws and regulations, and in human resources (Ghemawat, 2007)  [3]  ; Shenkar, 2001)  [5]  . MNEs must adapt their business strategies and organizational forms to manage these differences (Kogut and Singh, 1988; Kostova and Roth, 2002)  [6]  . With the development of the international business in the developed economies of the world, they faced saturation of their domestic markets which led them to search for alternate markets for their product and services. There was an immediate surge to cut down the cost of labour which was rising, forcing them to implement cost cutting strategy, which in turn led to the growth of international business, In the beginning the company would engage in export and import however with the change in the time, technology, availability of cheap labour and transport it has made it easier for these companies to target international shores for business Literature review This is research aims at formulating the scope of the international strategy in the emerging markets by analysing the current situation of the economys and the theories applied to the context of emerging nation in the past taking into consideration the degree of their effectiveness into account and postulating new perspective and dimension to it. The analysis of the early phase of the market emergence, Institutional theory helps in comprehending the impact on the enterprise strategies this is due to the strong influence of the government in the emerging economys to that of developed economies . The role of institutional theory is reviewed in context to the other theories and their interactions in understanding the emerged and the developed market economies. The International business strategy adopted by the MNC for the emerging markets has played a significant part for their market entry against the barriers to the host country. THREE PERSPECTIVES ON STRATEGY IN EMERGING ECONOMIES When we analyse the market in the emerging economies with respect to its earlier phase of emergence, it is the institutional theory which is the most significant in helping to explain the impacts on enterprise strategies. This is due to the influence exercised by the government and societal are stronger in these emerging economies as compared to the developed economies. As market matures, transaction cost economics and, subsequently, the resource-based view is more important. However, there is a fervent need to consider the importance of the interactions between institutional theory and other theories to increase our understandings of the emerging and developed market economies by drawing the differentiating between them. An Institutional Theory Perspective The role played by institutions in emerging economies. Institutional theory emphasizes the influences of the systems surrounding organizations that shape social and organizational behaviour (Scott, 1995)  [13]  . From a sociological orientation, Palmer, Jen-nings, and Zhou (1993)  [21]  discussed industrial reform in China and attributed its success to market-leaning institutional change, gradual relaxation of state owner-ship and control, and development of private prop-erty rights. Research implications The number of theoretical and empirical studies using an institutional perspective in emerging economies is limited, even though some theorists have argued that this perspective is the most applicable paradigm for explaining enterprise behaviour in emerging economies (Shenkar von Glinow, 1994)  [23]  pointed out, the process of institutionalization should be of interest in future theoretical and empirical work. A Transaction Cost Economics Perspective Transaction cost economics studies the firm-environment-ronment interface through a contractual or ex-change-based approach (Williamson, 1975)  [30]  . Limitation The criticisms and recent development in the literature which is identified above are apt in comprehending the strategy of the enterprise in emerging economies, as the transaction cost economics has been applied primarily to the developed market economies which are characterized by their strong legal regimes and binding social norms, less is known about governance structures for transaction cost in emerging economies. Choi, Lee, Kim (1999)  [32]  . High transaction costs would refer to a preference for hierarchical governance structures over the private market. Opportunistic behaviour, normally reduced by contract law, trust, or reputation, is also much more likely under such circumstances. As per the scholars the most efficient governance structure in emerging economies is hybrid structures dominating both markets and hierarchies is the solution. For example, Peng and Heath (1996)  [33]  argued that it is difficult for emerging market firms to grow internally or through mergers and acquisitions owing to lack of property rights and unstable political structures. They suggested us-in networks as a hybrid strategy. By pooling and coordinating resources, firms can achieve economies of scale and scope, and organizational learning can occur. Resource-Based Perspective The resource based view regarding the emerging economies, the central questions addressed by the re-source-based view concern why firms differ and how they achieve and sustain competitive advantage? Penrose (1959)  [41]  , who found that the Hollywood film industry pro-vided a context that changed over time and created different strategic assets as changes were made. To this point, little research using a resource-based-view framework has examined strategy differences in the social context of emerging economies. Adapting theses theories in the research for the thesis with a new perspective and dimensions the research on the international strategy of MNC in emerging market is further investigated to find the answers to certain question during the course of the research. A) What are the effects of strategy on the Mnc in respect to the modern times? b) How difficult is the task of MNC easy to settle down in a new country? c) What are the real barriers to the entry of these MNc? d) Does the strategy adopted really help with respect to CSR? e) Do the theories by scholar on emerging market have any positive inference on the MNC f) The role of govt in the smooth transition and policies g) Are the MNC a success or Failure with their normal global strategy h) How do the cultural differences is an obstacle in the way of MNC Challenges /Difficulties The MNC entering for the first time, may benefit from a relatively low informal distance which is most likely to increase their co-operation between with the local firms with respect to their understanding the barriers to communication, however with the difference of geographical distance there is a burden for the MNC to bear the cost involved in communication and co-ordination as cultural differences are most likely to hinder the smooth functionality and the firm may find it difficult to incorporate the existing operations with the local firm or they may establish a co-owner relationship with the local firm rather than functioning on their own, however to ease their functioning it has to co-operate with the local firms to resolve differences pertaining to the cross culture issues. Institutional differences may be reduced over a period of time by experimental learning, moreover it may benefit from the local firms contacts in the market like the local supplier distributor and the loca l authorities, hence it reduces the investors direct contact with the unknown local environment which is an added advantage and it gets the existing information of the market through the local firm The Research Methodology In this research would aim to use both primary and secondary method to go in-depth to have an insight of the emerging market what are the strategy barriers for foreign investors like an MNCs how could it be made smoother the support from the government, Primary source This method is applied to retrieve information by the researcher for the first time for a specific purpose of their field of studies. It constitutes Questionnaire Direct observation, Interviews and surveys, in this particular research the application of questionnaire and survey does exist however with the diverse field like a MNC which is in an emerging market hence it is too broad not required. Secondary Sources This method states the information is already compiled by someone who did a research prior to the current one in a similar field for some other objective, the secondary data is classified into two internal and external data, the information in the form of data compiled within the company is Internal and the information which may be retrieved from external sources like libraries, journals, websites, business magazines, articles. The main components of secondary data are Book review The books which are relevant to the thesis along with the articles and journals would be reviewed for data and theories for the research. Internet research This would give an insight to the markets past history and provide comprehensive data source for the research along with the articles that are available to browse useful for the research. Documents The documents published by the MNC in the emerging market would be used a useful literature for the research to draw a comparison from past performance and the transition into the new country in regards to the financial statements and distinguish it with other MNC on success and failure The advantages of secondary source of research is its availability and accessibility with the low cost involved to retrieve the information and another aspect of secondary data could be observed closely for a longer duration it is not time bound, although it does have its own share of demerits as the information pertaining to the current research may not have been collected or the other dimension or area or research could be extremely different with aim and objective contrasting each other with the region directed a specific population that may not be the researchers sphere of interest. Data collection The strategy employed for assembling data need to a multi-dimensional with a modern approach as data pertaining to market of emerging economies keep on changing on a day to day hence the conventional sampling approach can be difficult to implement for example the various sources of data like telephone directory, government data could become rapidly outdated. The data which may be collected from a company may not necessarily be consistent in comparison to the data possessed by the government authority hence it thus become a significant factor to collaborate the different studies to analyse and find the right method for data collection with questionnaire, surveys being dependent on the postal service. Hence Collaborative projects with local researchers using face-to-face interviews may be a key means of gaining access to data sources (Lee Miller, 1999)  [43]  used quantitative questionnaires, qualitative interviews, and multiple informants to increase the validity and reliability of their measures of organizational competence, variable measurement do pose a number of problems that present a difficulty in strategy research in emerging economies. The data collection is further classified into primary and secondary data source. Primary data source The data collected for the first time by the researcher applicable for the research purpose through a direct interview or questionnaire constitutes the primary data; however in the research we do employ the use of a questionnaire technique for the purpose of primary data collection. Questionnaire It is one of the most reliable means of credibly collecting data which has a reasonably low cost associated hence making it more adoptive for the research, the questionnaire is designed with multiple objective question for the managers of the MNC, to gauge the strategy which were adapted from their general course of business to meet the emerging markets. Secondary data The data collected by the prior researchers for their research in the similar field, are the alternate source for the current researcher to fall back on as it provides an insight to the data required, due to the difficulty in collecting data by means of primary sources secondary sources prove to be very useful. There are three secondary sources employed in the research. Book review The data collected through the literary sources like articles, newspaper, business magazines, and journals, regarding the strategy of MNC on emerging market, with the availability of most of the literary sources at the university library, business journals , electronic journals accessed through the university portal like Business source premier, Jstor, Emerald, and Google scholar helps in collecting data for the research. Internet Research Information retrieved from browsing the website of the MNCs which would give an insight to the existing market as well as the earlier market data for the past 5 to 10 years providing a new dimension to distinguish and collate data, the information in these website gets updated on regular intervals hence access date is mentioned along with the reference. Documents The data compiled from the companys published documents over the years do provide a fresh perspective to the research The problems of Data collections The topic of the research is broad and hence it expands in volume due to the vast field of emerging market and international business strategy employed by different MNC, hence collating data on the emerging market is primarily available in a secondary form of data is voluminous turning out to be a little difficult to narrow down, as the research aims to narrow its parameter of data collection and concentrate on the specific set of goals to imbibe a good quality. The secondary source of data available might not be applicable to research in a larger context and might not provide the answers to the objectives of the research, the other difficulty that might arise would be the response of the questionnaire as it is an uncontrolled variable hence the low response might pose a question on the reliability of the collected data through it and the quality as well, these are a few challenges that pose a formidable threat in the success of the research. Data Analysis The collected data through the above means would be aligned in a logical, synchronized and sequential, organizational frame to analyse it and evaluate the data so that the applicable information could be take out from the data, the data analysis would undertake both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative method This approach centres on numbers which are employed as characteristics to quantify data the outcome is numerical form of a recoded data which is further used for statistical analysis, this proves to be a reliable tools providing the numerical data for the empirical study and statistical analysis, this is further classifies into descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics It constitutes a measure of central tendency which are required in the research like mean median and mode and the measure of variability like standard deviation which would provide a numerical analysis of the research Inferential statistics This statistical tool helps to test the hypothesis and the similar findings of the data sample and eliminates unwanted data by means of deduction With the statistical inference which are drawn out of the questionnaires survey and interviews of the research; the data could be presented in a graphical form, histograms and pie chart, during the course of the research Microsoft word excel and spread sheet could be used for the purpose of diagram representation and these tools will help to evaluate the research. Qualitative Approach Qualitative research is explores the meaning rather drawing an inference based on the numerical statistical analysis, hence its approaches include case study interviews focus groups. Literary criticism The way the data has to be drafted for the research aiming at the content applicable for the research purpose taking the theory and literature into account and critically evaluating them. Thematic coding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"The data collected is coded or labelled which is to classify data to gather relevant data making it more easily accessible and easy to understand as similar data is grouped in a thematic idea which makes comparison of different cases in respect to the research simpler for the researcher. Time scale and plan The research is planned in an organised framework, the planning and scientific collection of data using qualitative and quantitative method and evaluating it, filtering the required content and theories analysing the applicable data to the research, hence the time span is estimated to be 11 weeks , that is broadly classified as 1 weeks for data collection primary as well as 1 week for secondary data and then 1 week to evaluate the relevance then move on to the important part of literature review in the next 2 weeks , methodology of research would be aimed to completed in another 2 weeks data analysis 2 weeks and conclusion and 1 week to review and get peer review to get the better understanding the next week amend changes if required and finally submit within the week hence the research is completed in time and submitted in a effective and efficient manner. Conclusion The research topic gives food for thought, as the market is evolving hence it would highlight the changes undertaken by the MNCs over the period of time in their strategy as in the earlier years Corporate Social Responsibility was not a significant part of the policies and strategy however with the change in time it has been realised the crucial role it plays for every multinational entity and provide comprehensive insight in the functionality and approach, this research will be conducted evaluating the secondary data due to its high authenticity and availability drawing inferences from the different theory applied by the prior researchers and finding new dimensions that is applicable to the times of today as we are pulling out of recession, hence low income countries are the lucrative market and cheap labour source presents an opportunity for the MNC to reap profit and the share knowledge and the country too benefits with the inward Foreign Direct Investment bringing more employment and capital hence the topic of the thesis is dealt with a contemporary approach to provide a fresh perspective.

Essay --

All around the book of Deuteronomy, God gave quick directions to His people on how they were to live when they arrived in Canaan, the region that God had ensured to Abraham. These guidelines even consolidated the kind of government they should just structure. At the start, they could be supervised by a game plan of judges. By then, in Deuteronomy 17:14-15, God told the Israelites that rulers should just run over the people, however simply those masters who were especially picked by God. The Hebrews ended up in the same position as the first generation that left Israel. As the Israelites, all had consented to be in pledge with the Lord. Furthermore additionally like the Israelites, not each one of the said who submitted to the pledge truly accepted. God cautioned the Israelites to endure in their confidence yet the majority of the original did not. Just Caleb and Joshua from the original were permitted into the Promised Land. Similarly, it was conceivable that just a couple of the Heb rews being tended to in this letter might endure and enter into the guarantees of Christ. (The Nation of Israel) The most significant thing to recognize in 3:18–19 is the nearby association between insubordination and unbelief. In verse 18 we are told that God banned the insubordinate from the Promised Land. Verse 19 lets us know that the original did not enter the Promised Land in light of rebellion. This lets us know that noncompliance and unbelief are eventually synonymous. In the event that an individual proclaims to have faith in the Lord yet carries on with a life of ceaseless defiance to Him, that individual is in jeopardy of being considered as a real part of the heretic. That unbelief and rebellion are eventually synonymous and should not am... ...in and again, God sent prophets to the people to alert them that there could be grave comes about for their insubordination. The last fragment of the Old Testament records the articulations that God charged His prophets to say. Every desire God made through His prophets for the destruction and untouchable of Israel happened. (The Nation of Israel) To see the solicitation of the works of the prophets, we can put them into a chart equivalent to the one we made for the Israeli rulers. The events that were happening all around the times of I and Ii Samuel, I and Ii Kings and I and Ii Chronicles were the precise ones that the prophets tried to alert the people of Israel about. Israel's history substantiates the truthfulness of God's expressions. The individuals did not remain unwavering to God and they were determined from the area and the sanctuary was left in remains.

The Impact of Revolutions on the Cold War Essay -- American America Hi

Revolution was an important theme throughout the Cold War. Revolutions begat, molded and then finally brought an end to the Cold War. In 1917, the Bolshevik Revolution forced Vladimir Lenin, the new communist leader, to withdraw from World War I on the side of the Western Allies and to sign a separate peace agreement with Germany. The suspicions that this aroused among the Allies were the seeds of the Cold War. In 1949, the New Democratic Revolution of China ended the Kuomintang (KMT) rule and established a communist government, thus guaranteeing the existence of the Cold War. Throughout its existence, the Cold War appeared to be something that was constantly present and unchanging. However, revolutions in Europe and Asia after 1953 continued to shape the Cold War until revolution inevitably destroyed in 1989. In 1954, after failing to contain communism in Korea, America involved itself in the Vietnam Conflict. At this time, France had just lost control of its colonial holdings in Vietnam. After the French were defeated by a communist contingent lead by Vo Nguyen Giap at Dien Bien Phu, the French decided that they could no longer retain their Indochinese colonies. In the summer of 1954, France and Vietnam signed the Geneva Peace Accords. It was agreed that Vietnam would be temporarily divided along the 17th parallel such that the north would be communist and the south would not be. As a result of this, the United States decided to intervene in the South Vietnamese affairs in an attempt to contain communism as they had in Korea. It was at this time that the American National Security Council (NSC) published its 68th paper (NSC-68) in which they introduced the policy of rollback. NSC-68 guaranteed the liberation of nations under... ...ika into East Germany, but Honecker refused as he was planning instead to stamp out the dissidents. However, an internal plot in the East German Politburo removed him from office before he had the chance. In October of 1989, Egon Krenz was elected to office, replacing Honecker. He offered more freedoms to the East Germans, but they hungered for more. On November 9, it was announced that the wall was to come down. When people heard this news, they rushed to the wall where they overwhelmed the border guards who simply allowed them to pass. The crowd then proceeded to tear down the wall in a revolution that forever changed the Cold War. What followed was an end to the communist governments in the Soviet Satellites then an end to the Soviet Union and the iron curtain. The Cold War ended and the cycle of revolution that had played such an important role came to a close.

Subjectivity Of Justice Amongst Societies English Literature Essay

Schlink efficaciously employs word picture through the supporter Michael Berg to exemplify the cardinal subjectiveness of different sorts of justness portrayed throughout history. As a reader we are presented with a German society where most persons were either involved or affected, both straight and indirectly by World War II. This is besides no exclusion with the life affecting Michael, with his male parent being expelled from his university talking station because of his bizarre doctrines which were against Hitler ‘s purposes. Michael is portrayed as a naif kid raised in a society plagued with the load of war. While at his most guiltless point in his life, a vulnerable Michael begins a insouciant relationship with Hanna, a former SS guard at the Auschwitz concentration cantonment. From this Schlink highlights Michael ‘s exposures and how Hanna uses her laterality and mature temptingness to command Michael ‘s naif nature. Her actions are finally the cause of Micha el ‘s development from an guiltless kid into an emotionless adult male which acts as a polar point in the development of the text ‘s major subjects. This is because Schlink so presents Michael ‘s narrative throughout the text as undependable, which is symbolic of the subjectiveness of justness amongst societies. In the tribunal tests sing Hanna, different events are retold as through the narrative an undependable recount is given which reiterates the subjectiveness of all versions of history which lead to justness. This is reiterated through Michael ‘s comments on his changeless cunctation and how they support Schlink ‘s usage of Michael ‘s undependability to portray the subjectiveness of justness, † But today I can acknowledge that events back so were portion of a life-long form in which thought and making have either come together or failed to come together-I think, I reach a decision, I turn the decision into a determination † From the finding of fact of the test, Schlink forces the reader to finally question justness through the tribunal system and one version of events warrants the harshest of all humane punishments. Although Hanna ‘s actions were inhumane, as a reader we are positioned through narrative to experience sympathetic and believe although her actions should n't be condoned, as a reader we should oppugn who has the ultimate incrimination. This is done by sing who should be brought to justice more righteously, the caputs of evil governments, or their pawns bring downing enduring while non to the full being metaphorically illiterate to what is go oning. Schlink efficaciously uses symbolism to uncover the ignorance of the German people post the Nazi Regime and how the bequest of guilt still remains evident. This is particularly the instance through the symbolism casted by Schlink when associating to Hanna ‘s illiteracy. Throughout the bulk of the text it becomes progressively evident that Hanna is illiterate. This is first foreshadowed by Schlink one time Michael leaves a note which Hanna can non read, so in an effort decode it, she assumes it is about him go forthing and as a consequence she punishes him with her â€Å" leather supporter belt † to exert her authorization, cutting his lip in the procedure. It is so discovered she had resigned from several occupations due to frights of being incapable and society going aware of her illiteracy. In kernel her illiteracy is symbolic of the moral illiteracy of the German society and how the bequest of guilt remains. Although Hanna is illiterate, this does non needfully intend she is an invalid. Her function in the Nazi government was one forced by societal economic force per unit areas and was unable to grok the true badness of her actions. The German society mirrors her actions through the ignorance expressed throughout society. The moral illiteracy through ignorance becomes evident during the tribunal proceedings where Hanna is under scrutiny from the justice, and in an effort to warrant her actions she beckons to the justice â€Å" what would you hold done? † The justice is so baffled and moves on towards the following topic as she repeats the same inquiry momently after. Schlink illustrates Hanna ‘s illiteracy to symbolically stand for a true appraisal of an nescient Germany society, plagued with moral illiteracy that are unable to grok the agony felt by the Judaic people. As a reader we are so positioned to contemplate the inquiries associating to justness and disapprobation being presented to us by Schlink. It becomes evident that Sch link conveys the audience to be positioned to oppugn how a society can judge those who have done incorrect, while their ignorance has done nil to forestall or handle any farther wrong. Once once more Schlink uses symbolism to uncover how corporate guilt burdens an person. This is revealed through Hanna ‘s realization of her actions through the tribunal room and her clip in prison. Before her realization she led a life of illiteracy which so reflected her actions, nevertheless while in prison she was given hope by Michael for a new found life. This was done through the changeless sending of audio books recorded by Michael. Slowly Hanna began to understand literature and this is when she realised the full extent of her actions. Schlink portrays Hanna ‘s self-destruction as a agency of going free from the collective guilt which was placed onto her. Symbolically Schlink uses an old tea box to function as Hanna ‘s manner of seeking forgiveness to her lasting victim. Michael follows her concluding wants and finally travels trying to manus over the gift as a mark of Hanna ‘s forgiveness. The writer gracefully diminutions but is pleased to have a po rtion of the gift, a tea box which reminds her of one she one time possessed whilst in the cantonment. Schlink illustrates this minute as the sympathetic rapprochement scene where Hanna ‘s bequest is continued, with forgiveness sought.

Essays: Political Philosophy and New York Essay

Course Rationale: The paper provides an understanding of evolution and transformation of international relations as a discipline. It tries to look at issues in international relations from a thematic backdrop by trying to address change and continuity in the same. From a conceptual background, the paper identifies principal actors and some of the processes that are key to contemporary international relations. Course Content: Lectures 1. Nature and Scope of International Relations : Understanding International Relations, Evolution of the discipline, Its interdisciplinary nature. (10) 2. Approaches and Theories of International Relations: Classical and Scientific; Realism and Idealism, NeoLiberal and Neo Realist. (14) 3. Actors in International Relations: State and State System, State and Globalisation and Non-State (International NGOs & MNCs) (12) 4. War and Conflict: Nature and Causes; Traditional & Non- Traditional Threats to society, Changing nature of conflict(14) PS 7: Western Political Thinkers (Plato to John Locke) Course Rationale: The paper seeks to provide a critical understanding of the main philosophical themes in Western Political thought as represented by select thinkers from the early Greek period to the modern period. It emphasizes on both the life and works of the thinkers linking it to the dominant paradigms of the time. Course Content: Lectures 1. Plato: Life and works; the Republic – Justice, Education, Communism, Philosopher King: Rule of Law. (10) 2. Aristotle: Life and works; State; Classification of Governments, Revolution; Citizenship; Family and Property; Slavery; Education. (10) 3. Niccolo Machiavelli: Life and works; Human Nature, Prince; Religion and Politics; Government; Realism. (10) 4. Thomas Hobbes: Life and works; Social Contract, Sovereignty. (10) 5. John Locke: Life and works; Social Contract Theory; Sovereignty; Natural Rights; Theory of Consent, Right to rebel. (10) PS 8: INDIAN ADMINISTRATION Course Rationale: This course would enable students to understand and analyse the structural and organizational framework of the Indian Administration. It does this by focusing on both the evolution of the public services and the reforms that are required in a liberalizing era. Course Content: Lectures 1. Indian Administration: Integrity and Transparency, Forms; Causes and remedies of Administrative Corruption, Offices of Lokpal and Lokayuta, Right to Information Act 2005. (13) 2. Planning and Administration: Socio economic objectives of planning, Planning Commission, National Development Council, Decentralised planning. (13) 3. Basic Public Services: Education, Health, Sanitation, and Housing. (Case studies) (12) 4. Reforming Public Administration: Good Governance, Privatization and Competition. (12) Readings for PS 5 & PS 8: 1. Public Administration and Public Affairs, Nicholas Henry – 8th edition 2. Public Administration – A Avasthi and S. R. Maheshwari 3. Administrative in Changing Society Bureaucracy & Politics in India – C. P. Bhambri. 4. Public Administrative – A. R. Tyagi 5. Public Administration – N. B. P. Sharma 6. Modern Public administration — – F. A.. Nigro and L. S. Nigro 7. Introduction to the study of Public administration N. O. White 8. Indian administration — S. S. Maheshwari 8. P. H. Appleby, Policy and Administration, Alabama University of Albama Press, 1957. 9. A. Avasthi and S. R. Maheswari, Public Administration, Agra, Lakshmi Narain Aggarwal, 1996. 10. D. D. Basu, Administrative Law, New Delhi, Prentice Hall, 1986. 11. C. P. Bhambri, Administration in a Changing Society: Bureaucracy and Politics in India, Delhi Vikas, 1991. 12. M. Bhattacharya, Public Administration: Structure, Process and Behaviour, Calcutta, The World Press, 1991. 13 . ————, Restructuring Public Administration: Essays in Rehabilitation, New Delhi,Jawahar, 1999. 14. M. E. Dimock and G. O. Dimock, Public Administration, Oxford, IBH Publishing Co. , 1975. 15. ———— Administrative Vitality: The Conflict with Bureaucracy, New York, Harper, 1959. 16. E. N. Gladden, The Essentials of Public Administration, London, Staples Press, 1958. 17. J. M. Gaus, A Theory of Organization in Public Administration, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1936. 18. J. La Palombara (ed. ), Bureaucracy and Political Development, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1967. 19. S. R. Maheshwari, Administrative Theories, New Delhi, Allied, 1994. 20. S. R. Nigam, Principles of Public Administration, Allahabad Kitab Mahal, 1980. 21. F. A. Nigro and L. S. Nigro, Modern Public Administration, New York, Harper and Row, 1984. 22. O. Glenn Stahl, Public Personnel Administration, New York, Harper & Brothers, 1956. 23. D. Waldo (ed), Ideas and Issues in Public Administration, New York, Mc Graw Hill, 1953. 24. N. D. White, Introduction to the Study of Public Administration New York, Macmillan, 1955. PS 9: International Institutions and Issues Course Rationale : The course specifically deals with some of the key international institutions and themes that have guided international relations in the recent times. It tries to look at both the organizational and policy issues relating to the institutions and seeks to bring out the concerns from a developing country perspective. Course Content: Lectures 1. International and Regional Institutions : IMF & WB, WTO, SAARC & EU (14) 2. Diplomacy: old and new, diplomatic immunities & privileges changing Nature of Diplomacy (12) 3. UN: Structure, functions & Reform (10) 4. Contemporary International Concerns: Terrorism, Environment and Refugees (14) Readings for PS 6 & PS 9: 1. Axelrod, The Evolution of Co-operation, New York, Basic Books, 1984. 2. A. Baldwin (ed. ), Neo-realism and Neo-liberalism, New York, Columbia University Press,1993. 3. —— (ed. ), Paradoxes of Power, New York, Basil Blackwell, 1989. 4. Bennett (ed.), Nuclear Weapons and the Conflict of Conscience, New York, Charles cribner’s Sons, 1962. 5. D. G. Brennan (ed. ), Arms Control, Disarmament and National Security, New York, George Braziller, 1961. 6. C. Brown, International Relations Theory, London, Harvester Wheatsheaf, . M de Bueno and D. Lalman, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives,New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1992. 7. H. Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, New York, Praeger, 1961. 8. ————, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, London, Macmillan,1977. 9. S. Burchill et. al. , Theories of International Relations, Hampshire, Macmillan, 2001. 10. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Year Crisis, London, Macmillan, 1939. 11. ————, Conditions of Peace, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1944. 12. I. Claude, Power and International Relations, New York, Random House, 1962. 13. K von Clausewitz, War, Politics and Power: Selections, Chicago, Henry Regnery Company, 1962. 14. A. A. Couloumbis and J. H. Wolf, Introduction to International Relations: Power and Justice,New York, Praegar, 1989. 15. W. D. Coplin, Introduction to International Politics, Chicago, Markham, 1971 K. W. Deutsch, The Analysis of International Relations, New Delhi, Prentice Hall, 1989. 16. J. E. Dougherty, How to think about Arms Control and Disarmament, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 17. ———— and R. L. Pfaltzfraff, Jr. , Contending Theories of International Relations, Philadelphia, 18. J. B. Lippincott Co. , 1970. 19. W. Epstein, Disarmament: 25 years of Effort, Toronto, Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1971. 20. ————, The Last Chance: Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control, New York, The Free Press, 1976. 21. R. A. Falk, Law, Morality and War in the Contemporary World, New York, Frederick A Praegar, 1963. 22. ————, Legal Order in a Violent World, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1968. 23. H. W. Forbes, The Strategy of Disarmament, Washington DC, Public Affairs Press, 1962. 24. J. Frankel, The Making of Foreign Policy, London, Oxford University Press, 1963. 25. —————, Contemporary International Theory and the Behaviour of States, New York, Oxford University Press, 1973. 26. J. Galtung, The True Worlds: A Transnational Perspective, New York, The Free Press, 1980. 27. F. I. Greenstein and N. W. Polsby, Theory of International Relations, Reading Massachusetts,Addison-Wesley, 1979. 28. S. H, Hoffman (ed. ), Contemporary Theory in International Relations, Englewood Cliifs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1960. 29. S. H. Hoffman, Essays in Theory and Politics of International Relations, Boulder Colorado, Westview Press, 1989. 30. K. J. Holsti, Why Nations Realign, London, Allen and Unwin, 1982. 31. ————, The Dividing Discipline, Boston, Allen and Unwin, 1985. 32. ————, Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648-1989, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991. 33. A. Hurrell, â€Å"Collective Security and International Order Revisited† International Relations,Vol. II, No. 1, April. 34. C. W. Kegley and E. R. Wittkopf, World Politics: Trends and Transformation, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1995. 35. G. Kennan, â€Å"Morality, Politics and Foreign Policy† in The Virginia Papers on the Presidency, edited by K. W. Thompson, Washington, University Press of America, 1979, pp. 3-30. 36. ————, The Nuclear Delusion, New York, Pantheon Books, 1982. 37. R. O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, 38. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1984. 39. ———— (ed. ), Neo-realism and Its Critics, New York, Columbia University Press, 1986. 40. ————, International Institutions and State Power, Boulder Colorado, Westview Press, 1989. 41. ———— and E. Ostrom (eds. ), Local Commons and Global Interdependence: Heterogeneity and Co-operation in Two Domains, London, Sage, 1994. S. D. Krasner (ed. ), International Regimes, Ithaca NY, Cornell University Press, 1983. 42. H. D. Lasswell, World Politics and Personal Insecurity, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1953. 43. L. L. Martin, Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1992. 44. H. J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 6th edn. , revised by K. W. Thompson, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1985. 45. F. S. Northedge, The International Political System, London, Faber and Faber, 1976. 46. W. C. Olson and A. J. R. Groom, International Relations: Then and Now, London, HarperCollins Academic, 1991 and M. Onuf, â€Å"The growth of a discipline reviewed† in International Relations, edited by S. Smith, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1985. 47. R. E. Osgood and R. W. Tucker, Force, Order and Justice, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press,1967. 48. E. Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 49. K. A. Oye (ed. ), Co-operation Under Anarchy, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press,1986. 50. N. D. Palmer and H. Perkins, International Relations, Calcutta, Scientific Book Company,1971. 51. W. H. Riker, The Theory of Political Coalitions, New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1962. 52. B. Rivlin, â€Å"Regional Arrangements and the UN System for Collective Security†, International Relations, Vol II, No. 2, August. 53. A. Roberts, â€Å"The UN and International Security†, Survival, Vol 35, No. 1, Spring. 54. J. N. Rosenau, International Studies and the Social Sciences, Beverly Hills California and London, Sage, 1973. 55. ————, World Politics: An Introduction, New York, The Free Press, 1976. 56. M. P. Sullivan, Theories of International Politics: Enduring Paradigm in a Changing World,Hampshire, Macmillan, 2001. 57. V. Van Dyke, International Politics, Bombay, Vakils, Feffer and Simons, 1969. 58. J. A. Vasquez, The Power of Power Politics, London, Frances Pinter, 1983. 59. ————, The War Puzzle, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993. 60. S. P. Verma, International System and the Third World, New Delhi, Vikas, 1988. 61. K. N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading Massachusetts, Addison- Wesley, 1979. 62. ————, â€Å"The Emerging Structure of International Politics†, International Security, 18, 1993,pp. 44-79. 63. A. Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962. PS 10:Western Political Thinkers (Rousseau to Marx) Course Rationale : The course seeks to promote a critical understanding of the main philosophical themes in Western Political thought as represented by selected thinkers primarily from the modern period. It emphasizes on their life and works and their major theoretical and philosophical contributions. Course Contents: Lectures 1. Jean Jacques Rousseau: Life and works; Social Contract Theory; Theory of General Will; Popular Sovereignty. (10) 2. Edmund Burke: Life and works; Conservative Philosophy; State; Revolution; Blend of Liberalism and Conservatism. (10) 3. James Stuart Mill: Life and works; Liberty; Representative Government and Democracy; Individualism. (10) 4. George Wilhelm Fredrick Hegel: Life and works; History; Dialectic; Idealist Theory. (10) 5. Karl Marx: Dialectical Materialism ; Interpretation of History; Theory of Surplus Value; Class War; Dictatorship of the Proletariat ; Classless society (10). Readings for PS 7 & PS 10: 1. J. W. Allen, A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century, London, Methuen, 1967. 2. A. Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, London, Allen and Unwin, 1986. 3. ————, Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, London, Unwin and Hyman, 1987. 4. A. Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of K. Marx, New Delhi, S. Chand and Co. , 1979. 5. Sir E. Barker, The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle, New York, Dover Publications,1959. 6. ————, Greek Political Theory: Plato and His Predecessors, New Delhi, B.I. Publications, 1964. 7. ————, The Politics of Aristotle, translated with introduction, notes and appendix, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995. 8. R. N. Berki, The History of Political Thought: A Short Introduction, London, Dent, 1977. Sir I. Berlin, The Hedgehog and the Fox, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1953. 9. ————, Karl Marx: His Life and Environment, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1963. 10. W. H. Bluhmn, Theories of Political System: Classics of Political Thought and Modern Political Analysis, Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1965. 12. J. Bowle, Western Political Thought: A Historical Introduction from the Origins to Rousseau,London, Jonathan Cape, 1947. 13. ————, Politics and Opinion in the Nineteenth Century: A Historical Introduction, London. Jonathan Cape, 1954. 14. C. Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century, London, Allen Lane, 1933. 15. J. Bronowski and B. Mazlish, Western Intellectual Tradition, Harmondsworth, Penguins, 1960. 16. K. C. Brown (ed. ), Hobbes’ Studies, Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1965. 17. J. H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700, Cambridge,Cambridge University Press, 1991. 18. H. Butterfield, The Statecraft of Machiavelli, New York, Collier, 1962. 19. F. P. Canavan, The Political Reason of Edmund Burke, Durnham NC, Duke University Press,1960. 20. E. Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press,1932. 21. ————, The Myth of the State, New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1946. 22. G. Catlin, A History of Political Philosophers, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1950. 23. F. Chabod, Machiavelli and the Renaissance, translated by D. Moore, New York, Harper and Row, 1958. 24. J. W. Chapman, Rousseau- Totalitarian or Liberal, New York, Columbia University Press, 1956. 25. A. Cobban, Rousseau and the Modern State, London, Unwin University Books, 1964. 26. J. Coleman, A History of Political Thought: From Ancient Greece to Early Christianity,London, Blackwell, 2000. 27. L. Colletti, From Rousseau to Lenin: Studies in Ideology and Society, translated By J. Merrington and J. White, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1969. 28. D. Coole, Women in Political Theory: From Ancient Misogyny to Contemporary Feminism, New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993. 29. M. Cornforth, The Open Philosophy and the Open Society: A Reply to Sir Karl Popper’s Refutation of Marxism, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1968. 30. M. Cowling, Mill and Liberalism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1963. 31. M. Cranston, (ed. ), Western Political Philosophers, London, Fontana, 1964. 32. R. Crossman, Plato Today, London, Allen and Unwin, 1939. 33. M. Curtis, The Great Political Theories 2 Vols. , New York, Avon, 1961. 34. W. L. Davidson, Political Thought in England: The Utilitarians from Bentham to Mill, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1957. 35. S. DeGrazia, Machiavelli in Hell, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1989. 36. P. Doyle, A History of Political Thought, London, Jonathan Cape, 1933. 37. J. A. Dunning, History and Political Theories, New York, Macmillan, 1902. 38. W. Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers, New Delhi, Oxford & IBH, 1969. 39. J. B. Elshtain, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, Princeton 40. NJ, Princeton University Press, 1981. 41. M. B. Foster, W. T. Jones and L. W. Lancaster, Masters of Political Thought 3 Vols, London, George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd. , 1942, 1947 and 1959. 42. R. G. Gettel, History of Political Thought, New York, Novell & Co, 1924. 43. D. Germino, Modern Western Political Thought: Machiavelli to Marx, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1972. 44. W. H. Greenleaf, The British Political Tradition, 2 Vols, London, Methuen, 1983. 45 A. Hacker, Political Theory: Philosophy, Ideology, Science, New York, Macmillan, 1961. 46. E. Halevy, Growth of Philosophical Radicalism translated by M. Morris London, Faber & Faber, 1928. 47. J. H. Hallowell, Main Currents in Modern Political Thought, New York, Holt, 1960. 48. I. W. Hampsher-Monk, Modern Political Thought from Hobbes to Marx, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1992. 49. R. Harrison, Bentham, London, Routledge, 1983. 50. I. Kramnick, The Age of Edmund Burke: The Conscience of an ambivalent Conservative,New York, Basic Books, 1977. 51. G. Klosko, The Development of Plato’s Thought, London, Methuen, 1986. 52. H. J. Laski, Political Thought from Locke to Bentham, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1920. 53. P. Laslett, John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1960. 54. R. B. Levinson, In Defense of Plato, Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1953. 55. C. B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke,Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1973. 56. K. Martin, French Liberal Thought in the Eighteenth Century, New York, New York University Press, 1954. 57. A. MacIntyre, A Short History of Ethics, New York, Macmillan, 1971. 58. C. C. Maxey, Political Philosophies, New York, Macmillan, 1948. 59. C. H. McIlwain, The Growth of Political Thought in the West, New York, Macmillan, 1932. 60. D. McLellan, Karl Marx: The First 100 Years, London, Fontana, 1983. 61. K. R. Minogue, Hobbes’ Leviathan, New York, Everyman’s Library 1977. 62. J. B. Morall, Political Thought in Medieval Times, New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1958. 63. S. Mukherjee and S. Ramaswamy, A History of Political Thought: Plato to Marx, New Delhi, Prentice Hall, 1999. 64. R. G. Mulgan, Aristotle’s Political Theory: An Introduction for Students of Political Theory,Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1977. 65. R. L. Nettleship, Lectures on Plato’s Republic, London, Macmillan, 1967. 66. M. Oakeshott, Hobbes on Civil Association, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1975. 67. S. M. Okin, Women in Western Political Thought, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1979. 68. C. Pateman, The Disorder of Women, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1993. 69. H. F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1967. 70. ————, Fortune is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the thought of Niccolo Machiavelli,Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984. 71. J. Plamentaz, Man and Society 2 Vols. , London, Longman, 1963. 72. J. G. A Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Republic Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1971. 73. Sir K. R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies 2 Vols. , London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1945. 74. P. Riley, Will and Legitimacy, Cambridge Massachusettes, Harvard University Press, 1980. 75. A. Ryan, J. S. Mill, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974. 76. B. Russell, History of Western Philosophy, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1961. 77. G. H. Sabine, History of Political Theory, 4th edn. , revised by T. L. Thorson, New Delhi,Oxford and IBH, 1973. 78. A. Saxonhouse, Women in the History of Political Thought: Ancient Greece to Machiavelli,New York, Praegar, 1985. 79. M. L. Shanley, and C. Pateman, Feminist Interpretation and Political Theory, Cambridge, Polity, 1991. 80. M. Q. Sibley, Political Ideas and Ideologies, New Delhi, Surjeet Publications, 1981. 81. T. A. Sinclair, A History of Greek Political Thought, London, Routledge, 1951. Q. Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2 Volumes, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 82. S. B. Smith, Hegel’s Critique of Liberalism, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1989. 83. Sir L. Stephen, History of English Thought in the 18th Century 2 Vols. , London, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1902. 84. L. Strauss, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Genesis, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1936. 85. ————, Thoughts on Machiavelli, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1958. 86. ————, Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1964. 87. J. L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy and Political Messianism: The Romantic Phase, London, Secker and Warburg, 1960. 88. T. L. Thorson, Plato: Totalitarian or Democrat, Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1963. 89. J. Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980. 90. C. E. Vaughan, Studies in the History of Political Philosophy before and after Rousseau, 91. Manchester UK, University of Manchester Press, 1925. 92. H. Warrender, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: His Theory of Obligation, Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1957. 93. N. Warburton, J. Pike and D. Matravers, Reading Political Philosophy: Machiavelli to Mill, London, Routledge in association with Open University, 2000. 94. S. Wolin, Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought, Boston,Little Brown, 1960. PS 11: Indian Political Thinkers (Manu to Azad) Course Rationale: The purpose of this paper is to enlighten the students about Indian thinkers from ancient to modern times. It seeks to understand their seminal contribution to the evolution of political theorizing in India. It critically assesses their contribution and explains their relevance to contemporary times Course Content: Lectures 1. Manu: Life & Works ; Manu’s State, Theory of Danda, Manu’s Foreign Policy. (12) 2. Kautilya: Early Life & Works ; State craft, Diplomacy (12) 3. Swami Vivekananda: Early Life, Hinduism as a Universal Religion, Contribution to Metaphysics (08) 4. Tilak and Aurobindo: Early life, Tilak’s Religious ideas, Tilak’s Philosophy of Reform, Political Philosophy of Tilak , Indian Extremist Nationalism. Aurobindo’s Early life & Works , Epistemological Foundations of Politics, Philosophy of Sate, Nation- Building (10) 5. Maulana Azad : Life and Works, Political Ideas (08) PS 12: Government and Politics of Goa : Pre Statehood Course Rationale: The course seeks to give the students an insight into pre-colonial & post colonial institutions in Goa. It provides the historical background and political evolution in Goa leading from the liberation to the pre state-hood period, focusing on both political leaders and the parties. Course Content: Lectures 1. Goa -A Historical Overview: Gaunkari system, Portuguese Colonial period, Salazarist Dictatorship & Struggle for liberation. (10) 2. Issues of Transition: Integration of Goa; Ist Assembly Elections, Controversy over Political Future, Opinion poll. (10) 3. Emergence & growth of Political Parties: Indian National Congress, Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, United Goans Party, Bharitiya Janata Party, Assembly Elections 1963-1984. (12) 4. Goan Politics: Union Territory Phase I: Bandodkar Government: Consolidation of Institutions, Phase II : Shashikala Government: Erosion of Bahujan Politics, Phase III: Rane Government: Emergence of National Parties. (18) PS 13: COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT (Governments of U. K, U. S. A, Russia, China, Switzerland & France) Course rationale: This paper studies the major constitutions of the world by adopting a comparative approach. The constitutional and legal provisions, the ideological basis, the institutional arrangement and their social and economic background are to be explained, analyzed and evaluated critically. The comparative perspective enables the students to understand the differences and similarities between the various constitutional arrangements. Course Content: Lectures. 1) Importance of Comparative Government and Politics: Approaches to the study of Comparative Politics: – Systems Approach, Structural & Functional Approach, Marxist Approach. (12) 2) Constitutions : Evolution and Nature (U. S. A , U. K & CHINA) (10) 3) Executive: Prime Minister & Cabinet(U. K), President and Cabinet (U. S. A), President and State Council(China), Plural Executive (Switzerland ), Presidential and Parliamentary Executive(France and Russia). (14) 4) Legislature: Parliament(UK) , Congress (USA), National Peoples Congress(China), relationship with the Executive in terms of separation of powers. (14) PS 14: Indian Political Thinkers (Gokhale to Ambedkar) Course Rationale: The Course seeks to familiarize students with the major contributions of the key modern Indian political thinkers. It focuses on their life and work and outlines their key political and philosophical ideas that shaped modern India. Course Rationale: Lectures 1. G. K. Gokhale: Early life & Work ,Political Thought (08) 2. Mahatma Gandhi : Early life & Works , Idealism & Ethics, Philosophy of Politics, Swaraj & Satyagraha. (12) 3. Jawaharlal Nehru: Early life & Works, Political Ideas, Panchaseel, Socialism & Secularism (12). 4. M. N. Roy: Early Life & Works, Roy’s views on the Russian Revolution & Marxism Radical Humanism & Scientific Politics. (10) 5. B. R. Ambedkar : Early life & Works , Sociological and Political views, Abdedkar & the Dalits (08) Readings for PS 11 & PS 14: 1. A. S. Altekar, State and Government in Ancient India, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1966. 2. A. Appadorai, Documents on Political Thought in Modern India, 2 vols. Bombay Oxford University Press, 1970. 3. J. Bandhopadhyaya, Social and Political Thought of Gandhi, Bombay, Allied, 1969. 4. J. V. Bondurant, Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict, Berkeley,University of California Press, 1965. 5. D. M. Brown, The White Umbrella: Indian Political Thought from Manu to Gandhi, Berkeley,University of California Press, 1953. 6. R. J. Cashman, The Myth of the ‘Lokmanya’ Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharasthra, 7. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1975. 8. B. Chandra, Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India, Delhi, Vikas, 1979. 9. K. Damodaran, Indian Thought: A Critical Survey, London, Asia Publishing House, 1967. 10. T. de Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition, New York, Columbia University Press, 1958. 11. D. G. Dalton, India’s Idea of Freedom: Political Thought of Swami Vivekananda, Aurobindo Ghose, Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore, Delhi, Academic Press, 1982. 12. A. R. Desai, Social Background of Indian Nationalism, Bombay, Popular, 1954. 13. R. P. Dutt, India Today, Calcutta, Manisha, 1970. 14. A. T. Embree (ed. ), Sources of Indian Tradition: from the Beginning to 1800, India, Penguin Books, 1991. 15. S. Ghose, The Renaissance to Militant Nationalism, Bombay, Allied Publishers, 1969. 16. ————, Socialism, Democracy and Nationalism in India, Bombay, Allied Publishers, 1973. 17. ————, Modern Indian Political Thought, Delhi, Allied, 1984. 18. U. N. Ghoshal, A History of Indian Political Ideas, London, Oxford University Press, 1959. 19. J. P. Haithcox, Communism and Nationalism in India: M. N. Roy and Comitern Policy, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1971. 20. S. Hay, Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan, India, Penguin Books, 1991. 21. C. Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Social Reform, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1964. 22. R. Iyer, The Moral and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi, Delhi, Oxford University Press,1973. 23. K. P. Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, Calcutta, Butterworth, 1924. 24. K. N. Kadam (ed. ), Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, New Delhi, Sage, 1992. 25. R. P. Kangle, Arthashastra of Kautilya, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1965. 26. M. J. Kanetkar, Tilak and Gandhi: A Comparative Study, Nagpur, Author, 1935. 27. V. B. Karnik, M. N. Roy: Political Biography, Bombay, Jagriti, 1978. 28. K. P. Karunakaran, Modern Indian Political Tradition, New Delhi, Allied Publishers, 1962. 29. ————, Religious and Political Awakening in India, Begum Bridge, Meenakshi Prakashanm 1969. 30. ————, Indian Politics from Dadabhai Naoroji to Gandhi: A Study of Political Ideas of Modern India, New Delhi, Gitanjali, 1975. 31. ————, Gandhi- Interpretations, New Delhi, Gitanjali Publishing House, 1985. 32. D. G. Karve, and D. V. Ambedkar, Speeches and Writings of Gopal Krishna Gokhale,Bombay, Asia, Publishing House, 1966. 33. U. Kaura, Muslims and Indian Nationalism, New Delhi, Manohar, 1977. 34. V. P. Luthra, The Concept of Secular State and India, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1964. 35. V. R. Mehta, Foundations of Indian Political Thought, New Delhi, Manohar, 1992. 36. B. B. Majumdar, Militant Nationalism in India and Its Socio-Religious Background 1897-1917, Calcutta, General Printers, 1960. 37. M. Mohanty, Revolutionary Violence: A Study of the Marxist Movement in India, New Delhi,Sterling, 1977. 38. S. Mukherjee, Gandhian Thought: Marxist Interpretation, New Delhi Deep & Deep, 1991. 39. B. R. Nanda, Gokhale, Gandhi and the Nehrus: Studies in Indian Nationalism, London, Allen and Unwin, 1974. 40. ————, Gandhi and His Critics, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1985. 41. J. Nehru, Discovery of India, London, Meridian Books, 1956. 42. G. Omvedt, Dalits and the Democratic Revolution: Dr. Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India, New Delhi, Sage, 1994. 43. G. D. Overstreet and M. Windmiller, Communism in India, Bombay, Perennial, 1960. 44. T. Pantham, and K. Deustch (eds. ), Political Thought in Modern India, New Delhi, Sage, 1986. 45. B. Parekh, Colonialism, Tradition and Reform: Analysis of Gandhi’s Political Discourse, New Delhi, Sage, 1989. 46. ———— and T. Pantham (eds. ), Political Discourse: Exploration in Indian and Western Political Thought, New Delhi, Sage, 1987. 47. S. Radhakrishnan, Eastern Religion and Western Thought, London, Oxford University Press,1940. 48. Swami Ranganathananda, Swami Vivekananda: His Humanism, Moscow State University Lecture, Calcutta, Advaita Ashram, 1991. 49. N. R. Ray (ed. ), Raja Rammohan Roy: A Bi-centenary Tribute, Calcutta, Asiatic Society,1975. 50. D. P. Roy, Leftist Politics in India: M. N. Roy and the Radical Democratic Party, Calcutta,Minerva, 1989. 51. S. H. Rudolph and L. I. Rudolph, Gandhi- The Traditional Roots of Charisma, Chicago,University of Chicago Press, 1983. 52. J. Sarkar, India Through the Ages: A Survey of the Growth of Indian Life and Thought,Calcutta, M. C. Sarkar and Sons, 1928. 53. S. Sarkar, Bengal Renaissance and Other Essays, New Delhi, People’s Publishing House, 1970. 54. B. S. Sharma, The Political Philosophy of M. N. Roy, Delhi, National Publishing House, 1965. 55. J. Spellman, The Political Theory of Ancient India, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1964. 56. A. Tripathi, The Extremist Challenge, Bombay, Allied, 1967. 57. V. P. Verma, Studies in Hindu Political Thought and Its Metaphysical Foundations, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1974. 58. S. A. Wolpert, Tilak and Gokhale, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1962. 59. G. Woodcock, Mohandas Gandhi, London, Fontana, 1971. PS 15: Government and Politics of Goa: Post Statehood. Course Rationale: This course seek to provide an understanding of the evolution of the political processes , structures & social.